How a Vaccine Works - By MITK12Videos
Transcript
00:05 | How does the vaccine work ? Have you ever wondered | |
00:11 | why getting a vaccine prevents you from getting sick in | |
00:14 | the future ? While it might not look like it | |
00:17 | are , everyday environment is actually filled with pathogens , | |
00:22 | tiny organisms too small to see that can make you | |
00:25 | sick . So how does our body keep healthy ? | |
00:33 | Our immune system keeps us healthy normally . It has | |
00:36 | white blood cells which act like soldiers in our blood | |
00:40 | that work to fight off invaders , like foreign viruses | |
00:43 | or bacteria that do not belong in the body . | |
00:48 | Just like soldiers need practice to prepare against an attack | |
00:52 | . Our immune system works best when defending against the | |
00:56 | pathogen . It has already encountered . A vaccine functions | |
01:01 | like a practice run , allowing our body to build | |
01:04 | up defenses before encountering a pathogen such as a virus | |
01:09 | . Let's take a closer look when the immune system | |
01:13 | first encounters something for in the body takes a while | |
01:16 | to figure out how to fight or counter it . | |
01:21 | This is because there are many different immune cells working | |
01:24 | together , just like there are many different jobs within | |
01:28 | an army patrolling cells called macrophages are the first ones | |
01:33 | to meet or encounter pathogens , but it doesn't stop | |
01:38 | . There . Also involved in helping the body fight | |
01:41 | off diseases are two types of cells called B and | |
01:45 | T cells , B and T cells work together to | |
01:49 | make antibodies , antibodies prevent the invading virus from doing | |
01:54 | harm , but only some antibodies will work against the | |
01:58 | virus in order to fight off the pathogen . The | |
02:03 | macro fish needs to find the right few B or | |
02:06 | T cells out of all the cells in the body | |
02:09 | that will make the right antibodies . It's like finding | |
02:13 | a needle in a haystack , but what exactly determines | |
02:19 | which B and T cells will work against the virus | |
02:23 | . And what do these cells do ? Each B | |
02:28 | or T cell makes proteins of unique shape on its | |
02:32 | outside surface , which are called receptors . Every virus | |
02:36 | also has different shapes on its surface . These are | |
02:40 | antigens . Antigens tell the body that the virus is | |
02:44 | a pathogen and is something that should not belong . | |
02:48 | The body just like different keys fit different locks . | |
02:54 | Each viruses antigens fit different B or T cells . | |
03:00 | If a cell has a receptor which matches the antigen | |
03:04 | of a virus , it becomes activated and divides , | |
03:08 | producing huge quantities of antibodies to disable the virus To | |
03:13 | be exact up to 1000 antibodies per second . So | |
03:20 | what does this all have to do with vaccines ? | |
03:24 | Vaccines expose the body to a weakened version of the | |
03:27 | virus , even though the virus and the vaccine cannot | |
03:31 | harm you . Your immune system still recognizes it as | |
03:35 | an enemy in response . The body creates a special | |
03:39 | kind of B cell called a memory cell . Memory | |
03:43 | cells remember which antibodies work against a specific threat after | |
03:50 | vaccination . If your body is exposed to the actual | |
03:53 | full strength virus , the body already has memory cells | |
03:57 | meaning it can destroy the virus much faster and more | |
04:01 | effectively . Thus a vaccinated person is immune to the | |
04:07 | virus he or she was vaccinated for mm . Take | |
04:13 | a look at the graph of the number of antibodies | |
04:16 | made in the body over time . The first peak | |
04:20 | shows the amount of antibody produced . The first time | |
04:23 | the body sees of particular virus . This first exposure | |
04:28 | could be from a vaccine like we have been talking | |
04:31 | about . Yeah . Remember the vaccine shows the body | |
04:35 | weak viruses . So the person usually doesn't get sick | |
04:39 | when they first see the virus . This could also | |
04:42 | happen when a person gets sick from a virus they | |
04:45 | haven't had before . For example the first time someone | |
04:49 | has a chicken pox virus and gets a rash as | |
04:52 | their body tries to figure out how to fight the | |
04:55 | virus . The second peak is the amount of antibodies | |
05:00 | produce . If the body seized the same virus a | |
05:03 | second time , you see that the second exposure produces | |
05:07 | more antibodies in a shorter time than the first exposure | |
05:11 | to a pathogen . In other words , if the | |
05:15 | immune system goes up against the virus , it has | |
05:17 | seen before , the responses faster and stronger and you | |
05:22 | don't get sick a second time . This is why | |
05:27 | if you've had chickenpox or if you were vaccinated for | |
05:30 | it , you don't have chickenpox again . Your body | |
05:34 | has already encountered the virus through either or shot or | |
05:38 | just by overcoming the chicken pox virus naturally . There | |
05:44 | have been many successful vaccines for diseases such as polio | |
05:48 | , smallpox and Hepatitis B . However , some viruses | |
05:56 | mutate or change too quickly for a single vaccine to | |
05:59 | be effective . this means the antigen shapes on their | |
06:03 | surfaces are constantly changing . The immune system can't make | |
06:08 | antibodies that work for a long time because the antibody | |
06:11 | won't match the viruses and trojan after the virus mutates | |
06:17 | . This is why there is no vaccine for HIV | |
06:20 | and you are recommended a new flu shot every year | |
06:23 | because these viruses change quickly . Now let's go back | |
06:30 | to the vaccine boy . There's nothing magical about the | |
06:34 | vaccine . Boy . Getting a vaccine just primes his | |
06:37 | body's immune system , making him more prepared to defend | |
06:41 | against specific invaders . By getting vaccinated . You train | |
06:47 | your immune system to fight off pathogens , making it | |
06:51 | less likely you'll get sick . Mhm . |
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