How Computers Compute (Science Out Loud S2 Ep5) - By MITK12Videos
Transcript
| 00:11 | even though we think of computers as super complicated high | |
| 00:14 | tech machines , very tiny parts . They can also | |
| 00:16 | be huge , wooden and mechanical just like this computer | |
| 00:20 | here . And even though they look very different , | |
| 00:22 | they're both made of the same basic part . A | |
| 00:24 | switch , one switch doesn't seem very interest . It's | |
| 00:28 | either off or on . But if we arrange switches | |
| 00:32 | in a specific pattern , we can do math or | |
| 00:34 | logic . For instance , this circuit turns on the | |
| 00:37 | light if both switches are turned on , but this | |
| 00:41 | circuit turns on the light . If either or both | |
| 00:44 | switches are turned off , if we connect more switches | |
| 00:48 | we can do more complex math and lodging . So | |
| 00:51 | fundamentally . A computer is just a carefully constructed arrangement | |
| 00:54 | of switches . A light switch has a mechanical input | |
| 00:58 | and an electrical output . But because the input and | |
| 01:02 | output types are different , we can't connect the output | |
| 01:05 | of one to the input of another . In order | |
| 01:09 | to make more complicated circuits , we need to switch | |
| 01:11 | with the same input and output types so that we | |
| 01:14 | can string a bunch of switches together . Or did | |
| 01:17 | you compass switches with a mechanical import and mechanical output | |
| 01:21 | ? Just like a light switch . These switches have | |
| 01:24 | two states either left and right off and on . | |
| 01:28 | Or zero and one . What's really cool here is | |
| 01:31 | that instead of programming this computer by writing code , | |
| 01:34 | we program it by physically setting the position of several | |
| 01:37 | different switches . I'll now set this computer to count | |
| 01:41 | the number of balls in the top tray by setting | |
| 01:44 | the count switch to on . The sum is given | |
| 01:46 | by this bank of switches here will set the sum | |
| 01:49 | to zero before we start counting . Now let's start | |
| 01:53 | counting by pressing this letter . The math problem the | |
| 02:11 | computer solved was 0000000 plus one has the ball goes | |
| 02:19 | through the system . It changes the first switch from | |
| 02:22 | a zero to a one so that the sum now | |
| 02:24 | reads +0000001 Or simply one . Now let's count the | |
| 02:31 | second one . So what happened this time ? I'll | |
| 02:45 | reset the sun back to one . The math problem | |
| 02:50 | that we solved was 0000001 plus one . The digit | |
| 02:56 | comp adds one to the first switch . But since | |
| 03:00 | it's already full , it carries the one to the | |
| 03:02 | second switch . The song ends up being 0000010 , | |
| 03:08 | which is two in binary . Let's count the third | |
| 03:12 | ball mm . After the third ball , we can | |
| 03:23 | see that the sum is now 0000011 , which is | |
| 03:29 | three in binary . In addition to counting , the | |
| 03:33 | DG comp can add , subtract multiply and divide the | |
| 03:36 | number of switches , determines how big the numbers can | |
| 03:39 | be . This DG comp has 31 switches and can | |
| 03:42 | count up to 127 but modern computer ships have over | |
| 03:48 | a billion switches . They're made from wafers , such | |
| 03:50 | as this one where each square represents a chip . | |
| 03:54 | They're made from semiconductor switches called transistors , which have | |
| 03:58 | the advantage of being solid state , meaning they have | |
| 04:00 | no moving parts . This allows engineers like me to | |
| 04:03 | make them smaller , faster and more energy efficient . | |
| 04:06 | We can make them over a billion times faster than | |
| 04:09 | the digits . These semiconductor switches make modern electronics possible | |
| 04:17 | . Yeah . |
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