Normal Stuff in Not-So-Normal Places: Crash Course Kids 46.2 - Free Educational videos for Students in K-12

Normal Stuff in Not-So-Normal Places: Crash Course Kids 46.2 - By Crash Course Kids

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00:09	if I had said the word public to you a
00:11	few weeks ago , you might have thought it was
00:13	a crazy person . But if you saw our most
00:15	recent episode , you now know that public is actually
00:18	a thing and not just the word I made up
00:20	public is a group like material that can behave like
00:22	different states of matter , acting like a solid one
00:24	minute and a liquid . The next we call these
00:27	kinds of materials that can act like multiple states of
00:29	matter , non newtonian fluids and they're pretty unusual .
00:33	But today I want to talk about normal materials in
00:36	totally non normal environments , Which drumroll please leads us
00:41	to our big question , How do everyday materials behave
00:45	in unusual environments while materials , as you know by
00:52	now are made of matter ? And they typically come
00:54	in the form of a solid , a liquid or
00:56	a gas . And all materials have properties or characteristics
01:00	that help identify them like their color or weight or
01:03	their boiling point , which is the temperature at which
01:05	a substance can change from a liquid To a gas
01:07	. Now let's take a look at an everyday material
01:10	and a few of its properties . This ordinary glass
01:13	of water , this material is a liquid and its
01:15	properties include having a color that's well clear and at
01:19	sea level it's boiling point is 100°C. This is exactly
01:23	how you'd expect water to look and act in everyday
01:26	environments , like in your kitchen or in a restaurant
01:28	or in someone's backyard on a picnic table . But
01:31	what about a not so normal environments ? How would
01:35	this water and its properties change ? Say at the
01:37	top of a very tall mountain or even in space
01:41	to help us find out what would happen to this
01:43	liquid in these extreme environments . Little Sabrina's back with
01:46	an even littler glass of water . First check out
01:53	little me scaling mount Everest and as she climbs ,
01:55	she's taking this water up to a much higher elevation
01:59	. Now , if you wanted to boil water at
02:01	sea level , the temperature required to make it boil
02:03	would need to be pretty high 100 degrees Celsius ,
02:05	like I mentioned earlier . But if little Sabrina decided
02:08	to boil her water over a fire at the top
02:10	of this enormous mountain peak , she'd find that the
02:13	temperature wouldn't need to be nearly as high to make
02:15	the water boil up there . It starts boiling at
02:18	just 71 degrees . That's because higher altitude means lower
02:21	pressure , less pressure , exerts less force on the
02:24	water molecules that keeps them bound together as a liquid
02:27	. So without all that pressure packing it together into
02:29	a liquid , water boils much more quickly at higher
02:32	elevations . So an extreme change in pressure can cause
02:35	a big change in one of water's properties , making
02:38	its boiling point a lot lower . That's what can
02:41	happen to a glass of water in an extreme environment
02:43	on earth . But what about an extreme environment beyond
02:48	this planet ? Let's say a vacuum . I don't
02:52	mean in a vacuum like the thing you clean your
02:54	house with . I mean a vacuum like a huge
02:57	vast space where there's no air . A space like
03:01	space now . It's hard to think of an environment
03:04	that's more extreme than the vacuum of space . For
03:06	one thing , space is extremely cold . So you
03:09	might think that water would freeze there immediately . But
03:12	space also has no pressure . So water should also
03:15	boil quickly . They're even more quickly than at the
03:18	top of a very low pressure environment of Mount Everest
03:21	. Right , let's check out little Sabrina's glass of
03:23	water now that she's safely made it up to space
03:25	up there . The pressure is so low that the
03:27	water's boiling point falls to wear just boils almost instantly
03:31	. But that's not all . After the water has
03:33	boiled , you'd end up with isolated water molecules in
03:36	a gaseous state . But because space is so very
03:38	super , incredibly cold , the tiny water vapor droplets
03:42	then immediately freeze and become ice crystals . So in
03:45	space , liquid water boils and then it freezes and
03:48	astronauts have found that the same thing happens to their
03:51	P . When their waste is released into space ,
03:54	it first boils and turns into a vapor . Then
03:56	that P vapor freezes into a solid and you end
03:59	up with frozen urine crystals . Watch out for flying
04:02	P . So when you put this glass of water
04:08	in an extreme low pressure environment like Mount Everest or
04:11	in space where there are even colder temperatures and no
04:14	pressure . Its properties like its boiling point changed dramatically
04:18	. And now we know that normal everyday materials behave
04:20	in unusual ways when placed in unusual environments . That's
04:24	because an unusual environment can alter materials properties , potentially
04:27	changing it from one state of matter to another .
04:30	Who knew an ordinary glass of water could do so
04:32	many different things .

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