Matter Compilation: Crash Course Kids - Free Educational videos for Students in K-12

Matter Compilation: Crash Course Kids - By Crash Course Kids

Transcript


00:0-1	the world , the whole universe is made up of
00:02	stuff and we call this stuff matter . But what
00:05	does all of this mean ? What is matter ?
00:08	What's the difference between the matter that makes up wood
00:11	and the matter that makes up water ? And why
00:14	does it matter ? See what I did there ?
00:17	Let's see if we can answer these questions and we'll
00:19	start with the simplest ones . What is matter and
00:22	what are particles ? You might have heard that everything
00:28	is made of matter . And that's true . You
00:31	soccer balls , ipads , even your pet fluffy ,
00:34	all made of matter . So that's interesting . But
00:37	what is matter ? Exactly ? The scientific answer is
00:45	matter is anything that has weight and takes up space
00:48	. You already know about weight , right ? That's
00:50	just how heavy something is . Like if you ever
00:53	been to a doctor's office , the first thing they
00:55	do is have you stand on the scale so they
00:57	can measure how much you weigh as for taking up
00:59	space . Another way of thinking about it is that
01:01	all matter has volume . It simply fills the area
01:04	. It's in When you pour water into a glass
01:07	, for example , the water's volume is the amount
01:09	of space that it takes up in the glass .
01:11	So all matter has volume and weight . But it
01:14	sure doesn't all look the same . Well , that's
01:16	because matter comes in different forms or states , liquids
01:20	are a state of matter that I'm sure you're familiar
01:22	with . If you've ever poured yourself a drink while
01:24	trying to watch tv , you might have noticed that
01:26	liquids take up space because once the space inside your
01:30	glasses full got right on the carpet . Sorry ,
01:34	mom . You also know that water has weight .
01:36	If you carry a water bottle as you drink from
01:38	it , it gets lighter because you're removing water from
01:41	it . Solids are matter too , of course .
01:43	Probably the most obvious kind rocks are solid and so
01:46	is ice , which is just solid water . Soccer
01:48	balls are solid ipads , your pet fluffy and every
01:51	single guy in one direction and just like rocks ,
01:54	all those things have weight and take up space .
01:57	Now . You know what's weird ? Sometimes Matter can
01:59	be seen or felt , but it's there like the
02:02	air we breathe . Air is an example of gas
02:05	, the third main state of matter . And I
02:07	probably know what you're thinking . How do we know
02:10	air or any gas really is there ? If we
02:13	can't see it ? Well , we can prove it
02:16	by doing an experiment science . Mm Let's start by
02:23	asking the question is air matter because if it is
02:27	it should take up space and have weight right to
02:29	see if air takes up space . Look at I
02:32	can easily drop an empty balloon into this little box
02:35	, but a full one won't fit . That's because
02:37	the air that fills the space inside the balloon is
02:40	bigger than the space inside the box now . Does
02:43	there have wait , let's try something else . Take
02:46	two empty balloons and tape them to the ends of
02:48	a meter stick . Then we'll hang the meter stick
02:50	on a string so that it's perfectly balanced . Now
02:53	let's see what happens if we blow up just one
02:55	of the balloons and put it back on our meter
02:57	stick , check it out the end with the full
02:59	balloon sinks . It weighs more than the empty balloon
03:02	because the air gives it extra weight . The balloon
03:09	full of air will always weigh more than the empty
03:12	one because there's matter in Matter has weight and takes
03:15	up space , whether it's a liquid , a solid
03:18	or a gas . So listen , the next time
03:20	someone tells you that something doesn't matter , you can
03:23	tell them to their face that technically everything is matter
03:28	. And tell him Sabrina said , so You ever
03:33	hear someone say you look like $1 million . Well
03:35	you do , but you also look like a million
03:38	particles . Let me explain . You and I are
03:41	both made of matter . I don't mean we matter
03:44	like were important even though of course we are .
03:46	I mean we actually are matter matter as you know
03:50	is anything that has weight and takes up space and
03:53	we did a whole video about it . But what
03:55	is matter made of ? Mhm It's made of particles
04:03	. So you as a big thing , a matter
04:06	are made of particles . The device you're watching this
04:09	on is made of particles . Your dog is made
04:12	of particles . You get the idea particles are so
04:16	tiny though you can't see them . Just picture them
04:19	as super small balls packed together to form an object
04:22	and how an object looks and behaves , which we
04:25	call its properties . Has a lot to do with
04:27	those tiny particles that it's made of . Let's take
04:30	a look mm hmm . You know that most matter
04:35	comes in three states , solid liquid or gas particles
04:40	in a solid are packed so tight that they don't
04:42	move and they keep you from moving through it like
04:45	a brick wall . Now don't try running through a
04:47	brick wall . Just trust me on this . But
04:49	in a liquid , there's more space between the particles
04:52	that extra room between them allows them to slide around
04:55	. That's why you can stick an object into or
04:57	through a liquid , like dropping a straw and a
04:59	glass of soda or waiting through a pool of water
05:02	. And there is so much space between the constantly
05:05	moving particles in a gas that you can move around
05:08	in them easily . In fact , when you walk
05:10	from one side of the room to the other ,
05:12	you've walked through a bunch of gases that make up
05:14	air . But if something is a solid , will
05:16	it always stay a solid ? Is a liquid ,
05:18	always a liquid . Do gases ever become non gases
05:22	? To find out If matter can change states ,
05:24	Let's find examples of when objects properties change , then
05:28	we can figure out what's happening to their particles .
05:30	Here's one a candle , It's solid , right ?
05:32	Made of wax . But when you light the candle
05:35	, the packed particles loosen up and the wax begins
05:37	to melt liquid wax so a solid can become a
05:41	liquid . Now here's another , let's say you've got
05:44	a pot of water on the stove . If you
05:46	heat a liquid up , its particles will move around
05:48	so fast that they can't hold onto each other .
05:50	When that happens , all of the particles fly apart
05:53	and become a gas , like the steam you see
05:56	when you boil water so a liquid can become a
05:58	gas . Okay , one more . How about a
06:01	forest on a really cold night or even on your
06:04	front lawn ? When it's cold enough , water vapor
06:07	, a gas in the air turns into tiny crystals
06:09	of frost , which you see on trees or grass
06:11	. The free floating particles in the gas join together
06:14	and form a solid around the plants so a gas
06:17	can become a solid . But my favorite example of
06:20	a state of change . The Wizard of Oz ,
06:22	definitely remember when the Wicked Witch of the West melts
06:25	at the end . She totally goes from a solid
06:28	to a liquid . Okay , but seriously , what
06:31	does all of this mean ? An object made of
06:37	matter can change its properties when it changes states and
06:41	remember it doesn't make a difference which state of matter
06:44	. An object is in solid liquid or gas ,
06:46	it's still always matter to sum up , matter is
06:50	everywhere . Matter is made of particles . Therefore particles
06:54	are everywhere . So like I always say never trust
06:58	a particle . They make up everything . So now
07:01	that we have an idea of what matter is ,
07:03	we have to ask more questions like how to figure
07:06	out what kind of matter , something is made out
07:07	of and how we can figure out what an object
07:10	is just by having measurements and making simple observations .
07:13	Well , let's take a closer look . Hey guys
07:19	, remember what it was like in preschool , If
07:21	you don't remember . Here's a reminder . It was
07:24	way easier playing with colored blocks . Learning shapes .
07:27	Those were the days . Good times . But here's
07:29	a fun fact when you were learning how to put
07:31	all those yellow blocks in a line or stuffing square
07:34	shaped blocks through a square hole , you are also
07:36	learning something very fundamental and that is how to judge
07:40	and objects properties . But what do we mean when
07:42	we talk about the properties of stuff ? Yeah .
07:46	Well , let's start with this . The stuff that
07:50	makes up everything is called matter doesn't make any difference
07:54	if it's a tiny grain of sand or all of
07:56	the air that surrounds the earth . Everything is made
07:59	of matter and a property of matter is just any
08:02	characteristic that we can list about it , like how
08:04	it looks feels or acts , for example , my
08:07	characteristics include having black hair , wearing glasses , having
08:11	some wicked awesome nerd cred and well , you get
08:14	the idea properties of matter are also things that we
08:16	can observe . This means that they have differences that
08:18	are big enough to notice . For instance , I'm
08:21	currently observing that my desk is messier than it was
08:24	five seconds ago and to round it out . Properties
08:26	of matter are also able to be measured . That
08:29	is we can compare objects to each other but instead
08:31	of just looking at them and getting a general idea
08:34	of how they compare . We measure them by using
08:36	tools that give us values or numbers . Now let's
08:39	put all of these ideas to work by demonstrating how
08:41	we can find a few basic properties of a simple
08:44	object . Let me grab my measuring tape . Mhm
08:47	. Okay . Okay . Look , I know I
08:51	was just talking about how fun it was to play
08:53	with blocks . But let me be clear I am
08:56	not playing with these blocks . This is science people
08:59	. Now let's start with a couple of questions .
09:01	One , what properties does this block have ? Well
09:04	, there are some properties that we can observe but
09:07	we can't really measure or describe them with numbers like
09:09	this blocks , color or what it's made of or
09:12	even the fact that it holds its shape , which
09:13	makes it a solid . So a better question to
09:16	ask might be . What can we observe and measure
09:19	about this block ? Let's start with the big one
09:21	here , length length is just a distance of something
09:24	from end to end and this blocks length is 8.5
09:27	centimeters with meanwhile is the distance of something from side
09:31	to side and its width is 8.5 centimeters height .
09:36	That's an easy one . It's the distance of an
09:37	object from its bottom to its top . Not to
09:40	mention a major factor in being able to play basketball
09:42	successfully in the height of this block is nine centimeters
09:46	. So length , width and height are some of
09:49	the most commonly used properties , but there are a
09:51	lot of others to for instance , our block is
09:54	also an object shaped like a box that takes up
09:56	space . That is , it fills up the space
09:58	it's in . We call that space the blocks volume
10:01	. We can measure the volume of this block using
10:03	math based on the measurements that I just made ,
10:05	but we can also get a more general idea of
10:07	its volume by making other observations , like the medium
10:10	block easily fits into the bigger block . So we
10:12	know that the medium block has less volume than the
10:14	bigger block , but there's no way the medium block
10:17	is fitting into the little block . So we know
10:19	that the medium block has more volume than this small
10:21	block . Finally , wait , is another measurable property
10:24	of matter . Wait just tells us how heavy an
10:26	object is . When you go to a doctor's office
10:29	and they ask you to stand on a scale .
10:31	They're using that scale to measure your weight . Got
10:33	it good . So all Matter has properties and properties
10:40	are observable measurable characteristics that we can use to tell
10:44	them apart . And we got to know some of
10:45	the most common and useful properties that we can put
10:47	a value or number on like length with height ,
10:51	volume and weight . So hey , blocks , not
10:54	just for little kids , also super handy for doing
10:57	science . Have you ever gotten up in the middle
11:01	of the night to use the bathroom and stumble out
11:03	of bed and then smash And then after that ,
11:05	Well , that has happened to me . In fact
11:09	, just last night , got up , went to
11:11	get some water and kick something really hard and now
11:14	my toe hurts . So bear with me . But
11:16	if you're at all like me having this happened to
11:18	you likely brought a few things to your mind .
11:20	Like one turning on the lights would probably have been
11:23	a good idea to what did I trip over and
11:26	three who left it there ? The second of these
11:29	questions is pretty important because it's a question that's the
11:32	essence of so much science and that is what is
11:36	this thing , no matter what that thing is .
11:42	I can tell you that it's made up of matter
11:44	and all Matter has properties specific characteristics that separate it
11:48	from other kinds of matter . If you remember from
11:50	the last episode , Properties are things we can observe
11:53	and measure things like an objects length with height and
11:57	volume . But how can we use these kinds of
11:59	properties to identify an object ? I am so glad
12:02	you asked because we're going to do a little investigation
12:05	together . Mm So today we're going to solve the
12:11	mystery of what did Sabrina trip over in the middle
12:14	of the night . And we'll do this by examining
12:16	the properties of said mystery object which I happen to
12:19	have right here hidden under the cloth . But before
12:22	we start our investigation , did you know that there
12:25	are different kinds of units that can be used to
12:27	measure things ? You can measure in feet or pounds
12:30	or gallons if you wanted . I guess you could
12:32	also measure in jelly beans but that would take a
12:35	long time . So we'll just go ahead and use
12:38	the international standard units . Also known as the metric
12:41	system . You might know these units as meters grams
12:45	and leaders . And the markings on my measuring tape
12:47	here divide a meter into 100 smaller pieces of equal
12:50	size . Each of these is a centimeter 1/100 of
12:54	a meter . Okay , now , back to this
12:55	mystery object . Feeling around . It's got nice straight
12:58	sides and two sides are larger than the other two
13:01	. That means we're dealing with a rectangle here .
13:03	Now let's give those sides of measure looks like it's
13:06	about 23 cm wide , about 30 cm tall and
13:09	about five cm high . So we have some measurements
13:13	. That's a good start . But it's not enough
13:15	to tell us what this thing is . So let's
13:17	measure another property . It's mass to do this .
13:20	We need a different tool , a scale and we'll
13:22	use a different unit to in the metric system .
13:25	The unit of mass is called a gram . A
13:27	paperclip has a mass of about a gram , whatever
13:29	this is , it's kind of heavy . It's almost
13:31	3000 g . So here we have an object that
13:34	is pretty heavy , hard , smooth and rectangular .
13:37	Let's see what other objects do I know of that
13:40	fit that description . Tennis racket , nope . It's
13:43	not my socks or my stuffed panda . And we've
13:46	already ruled out my tablet . Oh , I know
13:48	it's my science book . I was doing a little
13:50	reading last night and put it on the floor before
13:52	I turned the lights out . So we've been able
13:59	to identify a mystery object by observing and measuring its
14:02	properties . We used units in the metric system to
14:04	put values on properties such as grams for mass and
14:08	centimeters for length , width and height . And those
14:10	numbers gave us enough clues to solve the mystery of
14:13	what I kicked in the dark . So remember when
14:15	it comes to measuring think metric and when it comes
14:18	to identifying objects , take a tip from me .
14:20	Avoid identifying them with your toe . Okay , so
14:24	now that we know a bit more about matter and
14:26	properties of matter . Let's look at how matter can
14:28	change . Let's look at how cold can change into
14:31	diamonds . One note though , it takes a lot
14:34	like a lot to change coal into diamonds . You
14:41	can't make something from nothing . I mean if you
14:43	could you see me surrounded by an unlimited supply of
14:46	harry potter books and jolly ranchers right now . But
14:48	what you can do is take some stuff and change
14:51	it to create what's basically brand new stuff . Well
14:55	, I can't But material scientists can , last time
14:58	we talked about how scientists can improve existing materials by
15:02	altering their properties , like turning glass into super extra
15:05	hard gorilla glass . But they can also create new
15:08	materials . So today we'll find out how and why
15:11	scientists can make materials with whatever properties they want .
15:15	Mhm . But first let's do some review . We
15:21	all remember what a material is , right . Material
15:23	is an object made of matter . All materials have
15:26	properties . A property is a distinguishing quality of the
15:28	material , like its color , shape , size or
15:31	weight and material . Scientists study the properties and uses
15:34	of different materials and invent completely new ones . Think
15:37	of a material that we use all of the time
15:39	like rubber or plastic , chances are at some point
15:42	in history it might not have existed until a material
15:45	scientist invented it . And more often than not ,
15:48	materials are made to solve a specific problem . Let's
15:51	take a look at a real life material that's made
15:53	by scientists to have the properties that they wanted in
15:55	order to solve a problem . Mhm mm . This
16:01	is a diamond sparkly . These are also diamonds .
16:05	In fact , in a lot of ways these diamonds
16:07	seem to be pretty similar . They're both materials or
16:10	objects made of matter . But one of these materials
16:12	was made naturally deep inside of the earth . The
16:15	other was made in a lab . That's right .
16:18	We can grow diamonds in a lab . Well maybe
16:21	not you and me . We but material scientists can
16:24	and do make them natural diamonds are formed deep in
16:28	the earth , far below the surface . This part
16:30	of the earth is super hot . There's also a
16:32	ton of pressure there with the weight of all of
16:34	that rock above pressing down this combination of high temperature
16:38	and high pressure pushes atoms of the element carbon together
16:41	to form diamond crystals , their hardness and sparkling .
16:44	This are two of the main properties of diamonds that
16:47	make them different from other forms of carbon , like
16:49	graphite or coal . So when people want diamonds do
16:52	they just drill down into our planet and start picking
16:54	up their favorites ? Um No diamonds are cool and
16:57	all , but that would be a lot of work
16:59	. The diamonds that we see on jewelry and such
17:01	are the ones that have been brought closer to Earth's
17:03	surface by violent volcanic eruptions a long time ago .
17:07	This means there's a limited supply of diamonds in the
17:09	world , which is a problem because diamonds are not
17:12	only pretty , they're also really useful , namely diamonds
17:15	are some of the hardest substances on the planet .
17:18	So they're super handy for cutting through or polishing surface
17:22	that would break almost anything else . Tiny diamonds are
17:25	actually used in some kind of saws and drills that
17:27	can cut through rock and even concrete . But since
17:30	natural diamonds are so rare , they're also really expensive
17:34	. So a bunch of clever scientists figured out a
17:36	way to make their own diamonds without having to spend
17:39	weeks drilling into the Earth . One process for making
17:41	diamonds in a lab is called high pressure high temperature
17:45	or H . P . H . T . For
17:46	short , this process basically tries to replicate what's happening
17:49	deep within the earth . Using just a key natural
17:52	material called graphite scientists place graphite a soft grade form
17:56	of carbon and the stuff that you can find in
17:57	your number two pencil under intense pressure and heat heavy
18:01	blocks in the HP . HT machine press down on
18:04	the graphite , creating pressure while a zap of electricity
18:07	creates the high temperature . The pressure and temperature start
18:09	to change the properties of the carbon and boom in
18:12	just a few days hard sparkly diamond is created .
18:15	Of course jewelers would need to cut it to get
18:17	that classic diamond look . But even in its raw
18:19	form you can still see that it's clearer and much
18:22	harder than the original graphite . That's how one material
18:25	lab grown diamonds when from a form of material with
18:28	completely different properties to a form with the properties we
18:31	wanted . Humans can make materials using basic natural elements
18:39	like graphite when they really need to solve a specific
18:42	problem . There are also tons of other examples out
18:44	there of materials that people have created like rubber or
18:48	plastic or nylon . None of those things existed until
18:51	some intrepid scientists started thinking and fiddling . Who knows
18:54	what brand new material will cook up next . Diamonds
18:57	and coal are one thing I think we can all
18:58	understand them . They exist in a solid state and
19:00	if you hit either of them hard enough , they'll
19:02	break . But what if there was something weird ,
19:05	something that didn't behave like normal or Newtonian substances ,
19:09	Shall we talk about public ? You know , we
19:15	haven't talked about in a while . Things that matter
19:18	like mass and materials and particles , I guess what
19:21	I mean is things that have to do with matter
19:24	. We've already talked a lot about the different states
19:26	of matter . You know , some matter comes in
19:28	the form of a solid , others in a liquid
19:30	and still others in a gas . But are you
19:33	ready for a question that will bend your brain a
19:35	little ? What if there's a matter that fits into
19:37	more than one of these categories ? Is there such
19:40	a thing if there is ? What's it like ?
19:42	And can I make some maybe in my kitchen ?
19:46	Mhm . Before I answer any of these questions ,
19:51	let's take a closer look at different states of matter
19:54	. You remember what a solid is ? It's matter
19:56	that has a definite size and shape like this test
19:58	that I'm sitting at or the clothes that I'm wearing
20:00	and well , all of me , I'm a person
20:03	with a definite size and shape liquid is matter that
20:05	has a definite size but no definite shape . The
20:08	water in this glass is a liquid . It has
20:10	a definite size , but no definite shape . Like
20:12	you could say that my desk is desk shaped ,
20:15	but there's no such thing as water shaped and the
20:18	gases matter that has no definite size or shape .
20:21	The air around me and you is a gas .
20:23	It's not shaped like anything and it's size changes depending
20:27	on how big the container is that it's in now
20:29	all solids , liquids and gases are materials or objects
20:33	made of matter and all materials have properties or traits
20:36	that help identify them like their color or shape or
20:39	size or temperature or wait and now that you're properly
20:42	refreshed on the states of matter . I'm going to
20:44	cheat and answer our big question a little early or
20:47	at least part of it . Yes . Some materials
20:49	aren't so easily lumped into just one state of matter
20:52	. These unusual materials can actually act like multiple states
20:55	of matter . Right . I want to be just
20:57	such a material . Then let me introduce you to
20:59	non newtonian fluids . The non what now ? Non
21:03	newtonian fluids are substances that don't behave like we expect
21:06	them to . These fluids might look like one thing
21:09	, but they behave like another . So what makes
21:12	a substance ? Non newtonian ? Let's find out by
21:14	making a non newtonian mixture of our own . Say
21:17	hello to public believe it or not . I didn't
21:24	make this word up . It comes from a book
21:26	written by Dr Seuss . You know the guy who
21:28	wrote The Cat in the Hat In another book he
21:30	wrote called Bartholomew and the public . There's a king
21:32	who gets bored with normal everyday weather . So instead
21:35	he makes sticky stuff fall from the sky . That's
21:37	where public . The stuff that we're going to play
21:39	with today gets its name . But the stuff we're
21:42	talking about is really our public is a non Newtonian
21:45	substance with a pretty simple recipe . No magical kings
21:48	required . All you need is about 1.5 cups of
21:51	corn starch , about one cup of water , A
21:53	big bowl and a spoon pour the corn starch into
21:56	your bowl and slowly add some water . Keep stirring
21:59	until the mixture feels kind of like honey in the
22:01	end . It should look like this . Now grab
22:04	some of this goo in your hand . When you
22:05	squeeze it , it will form a solid ball in
22:07	your palm . But when you unclench your fist and
22:10	release the pressure , it'll slide between your fingers like
22:14	a liquid . All fluids have a property known as
22:16	viscosity , which is basically the rate at which a
22:18	fluid flows . And newtonian fluids or normal fluids flow
22:22	at a consistent rate . But non newtonian fluids or
22:25	non normal fluids flow at a different rate depending on
22:29	how much force or pressure is applied to them .
22:31	So your public flows at a much slower rate .
22:34	When pressure is applied to it , acting like a
22:36	solid . But when the pressure is removed it flows
22:39	faster and behaves like a liquid . Good for you
22:41	. Public being normal is overrated . Right . Good
22:48	. So if an object viscosity or flow rate is
22:51	not constant or changes depending on the pressure applied to
22:54	it . It's a non newtonian fluid which means yes
22:57	, some materials can fit into more than just one
23:00	state of matter . These materials are called non newtonian
23:03	fluids and they don't play by your regular rules of
23:06	matter . There will be a solid sometimes , and
23:09	then a liquid at others . Matter is weird ,
23:11	but it's pretty much everything all around us . Air
23:14	water , me you . It's all matter . If
23:17	you enjoyed this , check out the rest of our
23:18	channel and subscribe .

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Matter Compilation: Crash Course Kids is a free educational video by Crash Course Kids.

This page not only allows students and teachers view Matter Compilation: Crash Course Kids videos but also find engaging Sample Questions, Apps, Pins, Worksheets, Books related to the following topics.