Morphology: Crash Course Linguistics #2 - Free Educational videos for Students in K-12

Morphology: Crash Course Linguistics #2 - By CrashCourse

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00:0-1	Hi , I'm taylor and welcome to crash course linguistics
00:02	according to the word count feature in a document .
00:04	Where does the thing with spaces around it ? That's
00:07	a useful definition . If we're just trying to figure
00:09	out how long an essay should be . But it's
00:11	not a very good guide to defining what counts as
00:13	a word . For example . Doghouses generally written without
00:16	a space while rabbit hole is written with one ,
00:19	but they feel like they should both be words after
00:21	all . Sometimes people write doghouse with the space and
00:24	we could totally start writing rabbit life in whole or
00:27	even rabbit hole completely smashed together . Also just because
00:30	a word like hungry isn't in your dictionary doesn't mean
00:33	it's not a word or that I'm not feeling it
00:35	right now man , I should have eaten a snack
00:38	before this shoot . Anyway . Today we're going to
00:40	talk about how linguist would answer the question , what
00:42	even is a word ? Yeah . Mhm Yeah .
00:52	To a linguist , the word word has a big
00:57	meaning and a small meaning . The big meaning of
00:59	word is what we expect when we're looking something up
01:01	in a dictionary . We'd expect to find a dictionary
01:04	entry for rabbit hole because this phrase has a meaning
01:07	that we can't figure out from the definitions of its
01:09	individual parts . After looking up rabbit and whole ,
01:12	we wouldn't guess that rabbit hole means a place where
01:14	a rabbit lives or a complicated or absorbing situation like
01:18	finding yourself down a Wikipedia rabbit hole at two a.m.
01:21	After googling what languages are spoken on the International Space
01:24	Station , its meaning as relatively unpredictable from its parts
01:27	. Dictionary makers define one entry or unit as the
01:30	largest unpredictable combinations of form and meaning . They call
01:34	each of these units lex seems or lexical items because
01:37	they're part of a lexicon , which is another word
01:40	for dictionary . In contrast , we wouldn't expect to
01:42	find a dictionary entry for deep hole because if we
01:45	look up deep and whole , we can figure out
01:47	the meaning of the two combined . It's predictable .
01:50	So deep and whole are both lex seems while deep
01:52	hole is not when we think about a phrase like
01:54	falling down rabbit holes , this is where the small
01:57	meaning of word comes in here , we can break
01:59	the sentence into parts , fall down a rabbit hole
02:03	and this is even though we don't say anything or
02:06	by themselves , they have distinct meanings . For example
02:10	, this indicates that there's more than one rabbit hole
02:13	and we can predict this from the meaning of rabbit
02:15	hole ends together , but we can't separate rabbit into
02:19	rab . And it even though it is a word
02:22	because rab doesn't mean anything on its own rab and
02:24	it don't each have their own meanings that they're contributing
02:27	to rabbit . The meaning of rabbit is unpredictable rabbit
02:31	and are examples of the smallest unpredictable combinations of form
02:35	and meaning linguists call these units more themes and the
02:38	study of them is morphology . That's morph as in
02:41	metamorphosis or an amorphous . It's from a greek word
02:44	meaning shape or form because more females can stick to
02:47	each other to change the shape of a word .
02:49	One reason it's helpful to divide language into morphine is
02:52	because it helps us see patterns across languages . A
02:55	separate word in one language might be a part of
02:57	a word in another language . For example , the
03:00	phrase I washed my feet is a sentence with several
03:03	words in mandarin . The same idea is a single
03:06	word with many more forms in marin pasta and a
03:08	lot of other Australian languages . If we just think
03:11	of words rather than the more features that build words
03:13	we miss this and a lot of other interesting potential
03:16	patterns . If we look at more fumes instead ,
03:18	we can see differences in similarities between languages and the
03:21	information they convey . Not just the number of words
03:24	they use . There are a couple of different kinds
03:25	of relationships that more females can have with each other
03:28	When we have a morphine that can stand by itself
03:30	. That's a free morphine like rabbit or whole when
03:33	we have two or more free more features combined together
03:35	. That's a compound , whether it's written with a
03:37	space , a hyphen or all joined together such as
03:40	doghouse rabbit hole or even rabbit hole fence sign in
03:44	american sign language . There are signs like and that
03:49	are compounds composed of teach and learn . Plus a
03:54	variant of the sign person recognizing compounds allows us to
03:58	see similarities between languages that we might have missed in
04:01	other languages . Nations might be linked by other words
04:04	like the sign of the fence of the whole of
04:06	the rabbit . But english and german just put them
04:09	all together into long compound noun . The only difference
04:11	is that english keep spaces when writing long strings of
04:14	numbers while german doesn't write the spaces . So while
04:17	it looks like english and german have very different ways
04:19	of creating words , they actually often used the same
04:22	compound noun . Perhaps we could call this the deutscher
04:25	voter uber set songs problem or word in german translation
04:28	problem . Meanwhile , when we have a morphine that
04:30	can't stand by itself like this in rabbits , that's
04:34	a bound morphine . Let's head over to the thought
04:36	bubble to see more about how morphine fit together .
04:39	We can visualize morphine Xyz fitting together like the parts
04:42	of a plant in this metaphor . The most central
04:44	part of a word is the root and the other
04:46	more females that are stuck or fixed onto it are
04:49	affixes . So rabbits is made from the root rabbit
04:52	and the affects . So since the psa affects and
04:55	rabbits comes after the route , we can call it
04:57	a suffix if the word has an affix stuck on
05:01	before the route , it's called a prefix to extend
05:04	our plant metaphor . When we add a morphine to
05:06	the root , this new unit becomes the stem for
05:08	the next morphine . And here's where it gets interesting
05:11	. We can also have a word with several affixes
05:13	at once , like UNtwist double , which has the
05:16	prefix on the route , twist and the suffix able
05:20	. It sounds simple enough , but this words meaning
05:22	depends on whether UNTwist is a stem for able or
05:25	whether twist double is a stem for un . It
05:27	could mean able to be UNtwist ID . That's UNtwist
05:30	plus able or it could mean not able to be
05:34	twisted , that's on plus twist double . Not every
05:37	word with multiple affixes has more than one meaning though
05:40	. It all depends on how the word builds at
05:42	each stage . The stem has to work as a
05:44	word by itself . So Untwist double is ambiguous because
05:48	UNtwist as a word . But twist double is also
05:50	a word in contrast with a word like unravel .
05:53	T Rabbit E is a word but on rabbit that's
05:56	not a word . So on rabbit , he only
05:59	has one meaning rabbit . Rabbit . Ian rabbit .
06:02	Ian rabbit penis . This can go all the way
06:04	up to lots and lots of affects . Is that
06:07	was the most thought bubbly of thought bubbles . The
06:09	route is often a free morphine like rabbit . But
06:12	the route isn't always free think of words like receive
06:15	, deceive , perceived and conceived . You can receive
06:18	and you can deceive but can you just cve it's
06:22	the same part in all these words but it doesn't
06:24	have its own independent meaning . It's abound morphine just
06:28	like but it's also the brute . It's one of
06:31	a handful of examples of bound roots in english and
06:34	in addition to prefixes and suffixes , there is some
06:36	other kinds of offenses that can be attached to a
06:39	root . Affixes can sometimes go inside a word .
06:42	This is called an in fix and in english .
06:44	It primarily happens with swear words or pseudo swears ,
06:47	fan hacking tastic and for the completionist out there there's
06:51	also circum fixes which have information attached to both the
06:54	beginning and end of a word . English doesn't really
06:57	do circum fixes but malay has eight different ones .
07:00	The meaning of the word changes only with the addition
07:02	of both parts of the circum fix . So far
07:05	, morphology is looking very neat and defined . You
07:08	can make words by stacking morph teams on routes to
07:10	make longer stems , But morphology isn't always neat little
07:13	packages of affixes . Sometimes one affects can hold more
07:17	than one piece of information . This is known as
07:20	fusion all morphology because it's hard to teach out how
07:23	each morphine relates to a specific part of the meaning
07:26	. It's all fused together . For example , as
07:28	languages change over time , they often smush smaller words
07:31	together , making free more females into bound more themes
07:34	. The english words not none , never and nothing
07:38	all contained net . The old english word for not
07:41	and not itself gets smushed together in modern english words
07:45	like didn't or you know in french when a word
07:48	ends in a L . Like animal or journal .
07:51	The Suffolk's A L . Indicates that it's masculine and
07:54	that its singular . You may not be familiar with
07:56	the idea of words being masculine but don't worry for
07:59	now . Let's just focus on how this suffix tells
08:02	us two things about the word to make it plural
08:04	. You need to change the whole ending into a
08:06	U X , like an emo or you're no to
08:09	indicate both of these things . There were once two
08:12	suffixes , one for masculine and one for plural ,
08:15	which we can still kind of see in the spelling
08:18	, but aux is now simply pronounced oh and indicates
08:21	both to further broaden our idea of morphology . We
08:24	should mention . There are ways of building meaning in
08:26	words that go beyond adding affixes all in a single
08:29	row . For example , some words in english can
08:32	change their vowels instead of adding an affix such as
08:34	foot and feet , or sing , sang and sung
08:38	in Arabic hebrew and other Semitic language is the root
08:41	of the word is just the consonants and then bowels
08:44	are added in different configurations to create different related words
08:47	. For example , this Arabic root means things having
08:49	to do with books or writing and from it we
08:52	get key tab meaning book co two meaning books ,
08:55	kati meaning writer , mark tub meaning office and more
08:59	in american sign language announcing . Their related verbs sometimes
09:03	have the same hand , shape and location but different
09:05	movement for example . And and occasionally a language will
09:10	change the word completely rather than adding a morphine .
09:14	Think about the english for go , which is went
09:16	in the past tense rather than goad , which would
09:18	follow the regular patterns of english morphology . This process
09:21	of completely replacing a word is called supplee shin and
09:24	languages mostly use it with a handful of common words
09:27	rather than as a systematic process . Thank goodness for
09:30	that . If you thought conjugating verbs with different suffixes
09:33	was hard , imagine having to learn a completely different
09:36	word each time . So let's get back to this
09:38	tricky question of what a word is , linguists don't
09:41	really know and that's actually fine . There's so many
09:44	edge cases and exceptions about the word word that when
09:48	linguists need to be really precise , we use completely
09:50	different terminology instead . We talk about morphine , but
09:54	when we're not zoomed in quite so closely , it's
09:56	still totally okay to talk in terms of words ,
09:58	like when we're talking about combining words into longer phrases
10:01	and sentences . Like in our next video , See
10:04	you next time . Thanks for watching this episode of
10:06	crash course linguistics , which is produced by complexity and
10:09	PBS . So 2020 has been bad PBS has a
10:14	new show called Self evident that explores how we've been
10:17	persevering in this supremely weird year , and it's hosted
10:20	by historian Daniel Bainbridge from Origin of Everything and therapist
10:24	OLLI Maatta . You might know from the psych show
10:27	, because who better than a historian and a therapist
10:29	to help guide us through all of this , Self
10:32	evident is part of PBS american Portrait , a massive
10:36	storytelling project involving thousands of people around the country ,
10:39	subscribe to PBS voices for self evident and other great
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