Syntax 1 - Morphosyntax: Crash Course Linguistics #3 - Free Educational videos for Students in K-12

Syntax 1 - Morphosyntax: Crash Course Linguistics #3 - By CrashCourse

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00:0-1	Hi , I'm taylor and welcome to crash course linguistics
00:02	. Let's say we have a bag of words and
00:04	we want to use them to tell a story .
00:06	This should be simple enough . We pull out some
00:07	words one at a time and we get sees taylor
00:11	, rabbit and the okay , so we have some
00:13	idea of what's going on . But we're left with
00:15	an important question . My stealthily sneaking up on the
00:18	rabbit or has the rabbit seen me first and hopped
00:21	away before I have a chance to take a photo
00:23	. I need to know if I'm going to get
00:24	some sweet validation from the graham words by themselves are
00:27	great , but they're not enough . We also need
00:29	some way of conveying the relationships between the words .
00:33	In this case . The difference between taylor sees the
00:35	rabbit and the rabbit sees taylor . We need what
00:38	linguists call syntax . Sure . Mhm Yes , distinguishing
00:51	between sentences like these two is so fundamental that every
00:54	language has some way of doing it , syntax is
00:57	the study of how languages express relationships between words .
01:01	One way of expressing relationships between words is to put
01:04	the words in a consistent order to tell us who
01:06	did , what to whom . For example , we
01:08	can say the subject first , then the verb ,
01:10	then the object english uses this word order as do
01:13	many other languages like Nowata from Mexico , Portuguese and
01:17	Malagasy from Madagascar . The word order doesn't have to
01:20	go subject verb object . Any order will work as
01:24	long as it's consistent within a given language . For
01:26	example , in hindi , the typical order is subject
01:29	object verb . This is also very common across languages
01:32	such as check , tibetan and korean and in irish
01:35	the typical order is verb subject object . This order
01:39	is rare but it's also found in Hawaiian , maori
01:41	and patina . Another language of Mexico . A second
01:43	way of expressing relationships between words is by adding a
01:46	morphine , the smallest unit of meaning . That morphine
01:49	would indicate whether the thing being referred to is the
01:52	doer or the do E . The subject or the
01:55	object . Even if we scramble the order of the
01:57	words around , we'd still be able to tell the
01:59	subject and object apart . For example , in latin
02:02	, these two sentences have the same word order but
02:04	opposite meanings and we can tell this because the words
02:07	change their shape a bit hospice slipper . NVIDIA is
02:10	the host sees the rabbit while hospital . Lepas vedette
02:14	means the rabbit sees the host . Because of these
02:17	morphine . Latin can use word order for other things
02:20	like emphasis or making a poem rhyme better . And
02:23	many other languages used the strategy , including Turkish modern
02:26	greek and you pick the language group that spans Alaska
02:29	and Siberia . These distinctions were created based on spoken
02:32	languages . Signed languages use word order and a range
02:36	of other strategies to distinguish between subjects and objects .
02:39	For example , one strategy and A . S .
02:41	L . Is setting up reference in space , say
02:44	that I've already established that this is gave . I
02:47	can say I saw gab by signing the verb see
02:50	from me to the object . English used to do
02:52	the morphological strategy to and you can still see some
02:55	traces of it for example , and I see them
02:58	or the employer hired the employee . The word order
03:01	and shapes of the words are reinforcing each other so
03:04	they may feel natural to you as an english speaker
03:06	, as linguists say they feel grammatical . Meanwhile ,
03:09	in Niecy they or the employee hired the employer ,
03:13	The word order in the shapes of the words ,
03:15	our intention , they're signaling opposite things . So these
03:18	sentences may feel weird to you . They feel ungrammatical
03:22	linguist sometimes mark an ungrammatical sentence with an asterix or
03:25	star like me . See they if you're not a
03:27	native english speaker , you may not feel the same
03:30	intuitions about these english sentences , but you do have
03:33	a set of linguistic intuitions for grammatical al Itty in
03:35	your own native language or languages . Now there are
03:38	two things that dramatic Haliti doesn't mean one . Grammatical
03:41	itty has nothing to do with whether a sentence makes
03:43	any sense . There's a famous example in linguistics that
03:46	proves this point . The sentence goes colorless Green ideas
03:50	. Sleep furiously . This sentence was coined by the
03:53	linguist Noam chomsky as an example that's perfectly grammatical but
03:56	also completely nonsensical . I feel like I should apologize
04:00	to thought cafe for having to figure out how to
04:02	animate it . Another example furiously sleep ideas . Green
04:05	colorless is equally bizarre and meaning , but this time
04:08	the grammar is nonsensical to even if you've never heard
04:11	either sentence before , you can probably tell that colorless
04:13	green ideas sleep furiously is a grammatical sentence but furiously
04:18	sleep ideas . Green Colorless is ungrammatical . Something about
04:22	an ungrammatical sentence just feels weird even though it's the
04:26	same words . It's not something anyone would say to
04:29	grammatical itty is also not about whether a sentence meets
04:32	the approval of teachers , editors or other authorities ,
04:35	for example , don't nobody know , nothing is perfectly
04:38	grammatical . In fact , someone's probably saying it right
04:41	now . But nothing don't nobody know is ungrammatical .
04:44	It's not the way anyone would combine these words .
04:47	It's amazing that speakers of a language can have such
04:49	similar grammatical intuitions without ever being formally taught them .
04:52	That said , our mental grammars are all slightly different
04:55	from each other based on our own unique personal version
04:57	of language also known as our lady elect . So
05:00	you may sometimes notice exceptions or edge cases or things
05:03	that I say that don't quite work in your ideological
05:05	that's great . It means you're thinking like a linguist
05:08	now that we're paying attention to our linguistic intuitions about
05:10	dramatic al Itty . We can use them to figure
05:13	out the relationships between words within sentences . Some words
05:16	go together more closely than others and we can test
05:19	this . If we can substitute a single word for
05:21	several words while preserving the meaning , then we know
05:24	that this group of words can act as a single
05:27	unit . We can call this the substitution test .
05:30	Let's start with the sentence . Taylor sees the rabbit
05:33	. We can substitute taylor with a longer phrase like
05:36	the host of crash course linguistics sees the rabbit or
05:39	with a shorter pronoun like she sees the rabbit since
05:42	this sentence means the same thing , we know that
05:44	they're all equivalent units and pass the substitution test .
05:48	We can also substitute the rabbit with a longer phrase
05:50	to like the purple rabbit with long ears or with
05:54	a single name like Gavin guy or pronoun like that
05:57	. The subject or object can be one word or
05:59	many words but they act together as a unit .
06:01	But the substitution test only gets us so far .
06:04	Let's go to the thought bubble to see what other
06:06	relationships there are between groups of words in the sentence
06:10	. There are other versions of Taylor sees the rabbit
06:12	that we can make and the combinations that work tell
06:15	us how the vered relates to the subject and object
06:17	. For example , we can shift the parts of
06:19	the original sentence to the beginning , saying it's taylor
06:22	who sees the rabbit or it's the rabbit that taylor
06:25	sees this type of sentence structure with its and that
06:28	is known as a cleft construction . By looking at
06:31	what words can be moved together as a group .
06:33	We're going to do a cleft test . The test
06:35	is to see which word or group of words is
06:37	grammatical when we put it in the first thought of
06:39	a cleft construction between its and that . Let's try
06:43	it's rabbit that taylor sees the okay , that sounds
06:47	weird . It's ungrammatical . Well market with the star
06:49	, it sees the rabbit that taylor mm That's under
06:53	medical too . We can rescue it if we make
06:55	a small tweak it . See the rabbit that taylor
06:58	does but we can never take see all by itself
07:01	without the rabbit . It's sees that taylor , the
07:04	rabbit . It's see that taylor does the rabbit and
07:07	we can't take sees and taylor together without the rabbit
07:10	. It's taylor sees that the rabbit . So we
07:13	found that classes are grammatical where the subject verb or
07:16	the object are split apart on their own , or
07:18	when the verb C . And the object , the
07:20	rabbit are pulled away together . But other class are
07:23	ungrammatical , the one where we try to pull the
07:26	verb C and the subject taylor away without the object
07:30	. This suggests that the verb and the object have
07:32	a closer relationship with each other than the subject and
07:34	the verb do . This is why we sometimes also
07:36	referred to as subject and a predicate when talking about
07:39	syntax so that we have a single word to describe
07:42	the grouping of verb and object together . Thanks thought
07:45	bubble . During these tests , we noticed that some
07:47	words group together more closely than others , like the
07:51	plus rabbit and C . Plus the plus rabbit .
07:54	All of the different subgroups that we can find in
07:56	a sentence are called constituents . By the way .
07:58	If you've encountered the word constituent before , it might
08:01	have been in a political context . You can call
08:03	up your representative and say hi I'm one of your
08:06	constituents . A constituent is something that constitutes or makes
08:10	up a part of a larger hole . When you're
08:12	a constituent , you make up a part of your
08:14	political district . And when some words are a constituent
08:17	, they make up their own distinct part of a
08:19	sentence in english because we use word order to tell
08:22	how words are related to each other in a sentence
08:25	, we also use word order based tests like cleft
08:28	tests to figure out what's a constituent . And constituents
08:32	in english are generally words right next to each other
08:34	, but in languages like latin , which add morphine
08:37	stewards to show how they're related to each other .
08:39	Their constituents can be scattered throughout the sentence . So
08:42	we need to use different tests to figure out which
08:45	parts are grouped together . For example , in this
08:47	sentence we can tell that leper , um rabbit and
08:50	peppery um purple are a constituent even though they sit
08:53	on opposite ends of the sentence because they have the
08:56	same ending in M . So the cleft and substitution
08:59	tests that show constituents in english won't necessarily work in
09:03	latin , nor in hindi , irish , south african
09:06	sign language or any other language because we have to
09:09	consider how each language has different structural patterns . But
09:12	every language does have constituents and linguists can figure out
09:16	ways of testing for them . That makes sense for
09:18	each particular language , linguists use the word grammar to
09:21	talk about these structural patterns , how language puts more
09:24	fumes together into words , words together into constituents and
09:28	constituents into sentences . This combination of morphology and syntax
09:32	is also called morpho syntax . In european history grammar
09:35	often meant learning the specific patterns of how latin works
09:39	that involved trying to awkwardly shoehorned english into being more
09:42	like latin or trying to undo the perfectly natural language
09:45	changes that happen all the time . So even now
09:48	grammar sometimes has a bad reputation of smug people telling
09:51	you you're wrong about how you use language . But
09:54	in fact we saw earlier , we're all doing grammar
09:57	all the time and we're really good at feeling whether
09:59	something is grammatical intuitively grammar is what takes us from
10:03	rabbit too . Is this the same rabbit I saw
10:05	yesterday grammar is the thing that lets us transform a
10:08	grab bag of words and morphine into questions and stories
10:12	and videos like this . Next time we're going to
10:14	look at what happens when sentences get longer and a
10:17	handy tool so we can keep track of all these
10:19	constituents . Thanks for watching this episode of crash course
10:22	linguistics . If you want to help keep crash course
10:24	free for everybody forever . You can join our community
10:27	on Patreon

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