American author and activist (1880–1968) For other people named Helen Keller, see Helen Keller (disambiguation). Helen KellerKeller holding a magnolia, c. 1920BornHelen Adams Keller(1880-06-27)June 27, 1880Tuscumbia, Alabama, U.S.DiedJune 1, 1968(1968-06-01) (aged 87)Easton, Connecticut, U.S.Resting placeWashington National CathedralOccupation Author political activist lecturer EducationRadcliffe College (BA)Notable worksThe Story of My Life (1903)Signature Helen Adams Keller (June 27, 1880 – June 1, 1968) was an American author, disability rights advocate, political activist and lecturer. Born in West Tuscumbia, Alabama, she lost her sight and her hearing after a bout of illness when she was 19 months old. She then communicated primarily using home signs until the age of seven, when she met her first teacher and life-long companion Anne Sullivan. Sullivan taught Keller language, including reading and writing. After an education at both specialist and mainstream schools, Keller attended Radcliffe College of Harvard University and became the first deafblind person in the United States to earn a Bachelor of Arts degree.[1] Keller was also a prolific author, writing 14 books and hundreds of speeches and essays on topics ranging from animals to Mahatma Gandhi.[2] Keller campaigned for those with disabilities, for women's suffrage, labor rights, and world peace. In 1909, she joined the Socialist Party of America (SPA). She was a founding member of the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU).[3] Keller's autobiography, The Story of My Life (1903), publicized her education and life with Sullivan. It was adapted as a play by William Gibson, and this was also adapted as a film under the same title, The Miracle Worker. Her birthplace has been designated and preserved as a National Historic Landmark. Since 1954 it has been operated as a house museum[4] and sponsors an annual "Helen Keller Day".[citation needed] Early childhood and illness[edit] Keller's birthplace in Tuscumbia, Alabama Keller (left) with Anne Sullivan vacationing on Cape Cod in July 1888 Keller was born on June 27, 1880, in Tuscumbia, Alabama, the daughter of Arthur Henley Keller (1836–1896),[5] and Catherine Everett (Adams) Keller (1856–1921), known as "Kate".[6][7] Her family lived on a homestead, Ivy Green,[4] that Helen's paternal grandfather had built decades earlier.[8] She had four siblings: two full siblings, Mildred Campbell (Keller) Tyson and Phillip Brooks Keller; and two older half-brothers from her father's first marriage, James McDonald Keller and William Simpson Keller.[9][10] Keller's father worked for many years as an editor of the Tuscumbia North Alabamian. He had served as a captain in the Confederate Army.[7][8] The family was part of the slaveholding elite before the American Civil War, but lost status later.[8] Her mother was the daughter of Charles W. Adams, a Confederate general.[11] Keller's paternal lineage was traced to Casper Keller, a native of Switzerland.[12][13] One of Helen's Swiss ancestors was the first teacher for the deaf in Zürich. Keller reflected on this fact in her first autobiography, asserting that "there is no king who has not had a slave among his ancestors, and no slave who has not had a king among his".[12] At 19 months old, Keller contracted an unknown illness described by doctors as "an acute congestion of the stomach and the brain".[14] Contemporary doctors believe it might have been meningitis, caused by the bacterium Neisseria meningitidis (meningococcus),[15] or possibly Haemophilus influenzae. (This could have caused the same symptoms, but is a less likely cause due to its 97% juvenile mortality rate at that time.)[7][16] The illness left Keller both deaf and blind. She lived, as she recalled in her autobiography, "at sea in a dense fog".[17] At that time, Keller was able to communicate somewhat with Martha Washington, who was two years older and the daughter of the family cook, and understood the girl's signs;[18]: 11  by the age of seven, Keller had more than 60 home signs to communicate with her family, and could distinguish people by the vibration of their footsteps.[19] In 1886, Keller's mother, inspired by an account in Charles Dickens' American Notes of the successful education of Laura Bridgman, a deaf and blind woman, dispatched the young Keller and her father to consult physician J. Julian Chisolm, an eye, ear, nose, and throat specialist in Baltimore, for advice.[20][8] Chisholm referred the Kellers to Alexander Graham Bell, who was working with deaf children at the time. Bell advised them to contact the Perkins Institute for the Blind, the school where Bridgman had been educated. It was then located in South Boston. Michael Anagnos, the school's director, asked Anne Sullivan, a 20-year-old alumna of the school who was visually impaired, to become Keller's instructor. It was the beginning of a nearly 50-year-long relationship: Sullivan developed as Keller's governess and later her companion.[18] Sullivan arrived at Keller's house on March 5, 1887, a day Keller would forever remember as "my soul's birthday".[17] Sullivan immediately began to teach Helen to communicate by spelling words into her hand, beginning with "d-o-l-l" for the doll that she had brought Keller as a present. Keller initially struggled with lessons since she could not comprehend that every object had a word identifying it. When Sullivan was trying to teach Keller the word for "mug", Keller became so frustrated she broke the mug.[21] Keller remembered how she soon began imitating Sullivan's hand gestures: "I did not know that I was spelling a word or even that words existed. I was simply making my fingers go in monkey-like imitation."[22] The next month Keller made a breakthrough, when she realized that the motions her teacher was making on the palm of her hand, while running cool water over her other hand, symbolized the idea of "water". Writing in her autobiography, The Story of My Life, Keller recalled the moment: I stood still, my whole attention fixed upon the motions of her fingers. Suddenly I felt a misty consciousness as of something forgotten—a thrill of returning thought; and somehow the mystery of language was revealed to me. I knew then that w-a-t-e-r meant the wonderful cool something that was flowing over my hand. The living word awakened my soul, gave it light, hope, set it free![17] Keller quickly demanded that Sullivan sign the names of all the other familiar objects in her world.[23] Helen Keller was viewed as isolated but was very in touch with the outside world. She was able to enjoy music by feeling the beat and she was able to have a strong connection with animals through touch. She was delayed at picking up language, but that did not stop her from having a voice.[24] Formal education[edit] In May 1888, Keller started attending the Perkins Institute for the Blind. In 1893, Keller, along with Sullivan, attended William Wade House and Finishing School.[25] In 1894, Keller and Sullivan moved to New York to attend the Wright-Humason School for the Deaf, and to learn from Sarah Fuller at the Horace Mann School for the Deaf. In 1896, they returned to Massachusetts, and Keller entered The Cambridge School for Young Ladies before gaining admittance, in 1900, to Radcliffe College of Harvard University,[26] where she lived in Briggs Hall, South House. Her admirer, Mark Twain, had introduced her to Standard Oil magnate Henry Huttleston Rogers, who, with his wife Abbie, paid for her education. In 1904, at the age of 24, Keller graduated as a member of Phi Beta Kappa[27] from Radcliffe, becoming the first deafblind person to earn a Bachelor of Arts degree. She maintained a correspondence with the Austrian philosopher and pedagogue Wilhelm Jerusalem, who was one of the first to discover her literary talent.[28] Determined to communicate with others as conventionally as possible, Keller learned to speak and spent much of her life giving speeches and lectures on aspects of her life. She learned to "hear" people's speech using the Tadoma method, which means using her fingers to feel the lips and throat of the speaker.[29] She became proficient at using braille[30] and using fingerspelling to communicate.[31] Shortly before World War I, with the assistance of the Zoellner Quartet, she determined that by placing her fingertips on a resonant tabletop she could experience music played close by.[32] Companions[edit] Helen Keller in 1899 with lifelong companion and teacher Anne Sullivan. Photo taken by Alexander Graham Bell at his School of Vocal Physiology and Mechanics of Speech. Anne Sullivan stayed as a companion to Helen Keller long after she taught her. Sullivan married John Macy in 1905, and her health started failing around 1914. Polly Thomson (February 20, 1885[33] – March 21, 1960) was hired to keep house. She was a young woman from Scotland who had no experience with deaf or blind people. She progressed to working as a secretary as well, and eventually became a constant companion to Keller.[34] Keller moved to Forest Hills, Queens, together with Sullivan and Macy, and used the house as a base for her efforts on behalf of the American Foundation for the Blind.[35] "While in her thirties Helen had a love affair, became secretly engaged, and defied her teacher and family by attempting an elopement with the man she loved."[36] He was the fingerspelling socialist[8] "Peter Fagan, a young Boston Herald reporter who was sent to Helen's home to act as her private secretary when lifelong companion, Anne, fell ill." At the time, her father had died and Sullivan was recovering in Lake Placid and Puerto Rico. Keller had moved with her mother in Montgomery, Alabama.[8] Anne Sullivan died in 1936, with Keller holding her hand,[37] after falling into a coma as a result of coronary thrombosis.[38]: 266  Keller and Thomson moved to Connecticut. They traveled worldwide and raised funds for the blind. Thomson had a stroke in 1957 from which she never fully recovered and died in 1960. Winnie Corbally, a nurse originally hired to care for Thomson in 1957, stayed on after Thomson's death and was Keller's companion for the rest of her life.[35] Career, writing and political activities[edit] Helen Keller portrait, 1904. Due to a protruding left eye, Keller was usually photographed in profile until she had her eyes replaced c. 1911 with glass replicas for "medical and cosmetic reasons".[39][40] The few own the many because they possess the means of livelihood of all ... The country is governed for the richest, for the corporations, the bankers, the land speculators, and for the exploiters of labor. The majority of mankind are working people. So long as their fair demands—the ownership and control of their livelihoods—are set at naught, we can have neither men's rights nor women's rights. The majority of mankind is ground down by industrial oppression in order that the small remnant may live in ease. —Helen Keller, 1911[41] This article is part of a series onSocialismin the United States HistoryUtopian socialism Bishop Hill Commune Brook Farm Icarians Jonestown Looking Backward New Harmony Oneida Community Progressive Era 1877 St. Louis general strike 1912 Lawrence textile strike Catholic Worker Movement Green Corn Rebellion Labor unionization Haymarket affair May Day Women's suffrage Repression and persecution American Defense Society American Protective League Communist Party USA and African Americans Communist Party USA in the labor movement 1919–1937 1937–1957 Espionage Act of 1917 First Red Scare John Birch Society McCarthyism Seattle General Strike Smith Act Smith Act trials Anti-war and civil rights movements Black power movement COINTELPRO "I Have a Dream" March on Washington New Left Poor People's Campaign Contemporary 1999 Seattle WTO protests 2007–2008 financial crisis Occupy Wall Street People Abern Alston Andrews Avrich Balagroon Bellamy (Edward) Bellamy (Francis) Berger Berkman Bookchin Brisbane Brooks Browder Bush Butler Cabet Cannon Cantor Carmichael Chomsky Cockburn Davis (Angela) Davis (Mike) Dean Day Debs Dennis De Leon Dreiser Du Bois Ehrenreich Ervin Fearing Feinberg Ford Foster Gitlow Gilmore Goldman Graeber Greene Guthrie Hall Hammett Hampton Harrington Hay Haywood (Bill) Haywood (Harry) Hawkins Hedges Heywood (Angela) Heywood (Ezra) Hill Hillquit Hoan Hoffman Jameson Keller Labadie London Lovestone Lum Marcy McReynolds Moore Morello Most Mitchell Newton Noyes Ocasio-Cortez Ochs Parenti Parsons (Albert) Parsons (Lucy) Piven Randolph Ripley Reed Rocha Rocker Roediger Rustin Ruthenberg Sacco Sandburg Sanders Sakai Sawant Seale Seeger Seidel Shachtman Shakur Stone Sweezy Thomas Tlaib Turner West Wolff Wood Zeidler Zerzan Zinn Active organizations Black Riders Liberation Party Black Socialists in America Communist Party USA Democratic Socialists of America Freedom Road Socialist Organization Freedom Socialist Party Green Mountain Peace and Justice Party Green Party of the United States Industrial Workers of the World New Afrikan Black Panther Party Party for Socialism and Liberation Peace and Freedom Party Progressive Labor Party Redneck Revolt Revolutionary Communist Party, USA Socialist Action Socialist Alternative Social Democrats, USA Socialist Equality Party Socialist Party USA Socialist Rifle Association Socialist Workers Party Solidarity Spark Spartacist League Working Families Party Vermont Progressive Party Workers World Party Working Class Party World Socialist Party of the United States Inactive or defunct organizations American Labor Party American Union of Associationists American Workers Party Black Panther Party Communist League of America Communist League of Struggle Communist Workers' Party Democratic Socialist Federation Democratic Socialist Organizing Committee Freedom Party of New York Human Rights Party Independent Socialist League International Socialists International Socialist Organization International Workingmen's Association Maoist Internationalist Movement Red Guards New American Movement Nonpartisan League Proletarian Party of America Puerto Rican Socialist Party Revolutionary Socialist League Revolutionary Youth Movement Social Democracy of America Social Democratic Federation Social Democratic Party of America Socialist Labor Party of America Socialist Party of America Students for a Democratic Society Weather Underground White Panther Party Workers Party of the United States Works Appeal to Reason Current Affairs Daily Worker Dissent International Socialist Review Jacobin The Jungle Looking Backward Monopoly Capital Monthly Review The Other America A People's History of the United States Voluntary Socialism Why Socialism? Z Related topics American Left Anarchism (in the US) Anarcho-communism Anarcho-syndicalism Bill of Rights socialism Democratic socialism Green anarchism Individualist anarchism (in the US) Labor history Labor laws Labor unions Libertarian socialism Market socialism Marxism Marxism–Leninism Maoism Minimum wage Mutualism Post-left anarchy Scientific socialism Social democracy Socialism Trotskyism Utopian socialism  Socialism portal  United States portalvte On January 22, 1916, Keller and Sullivan traveled to the small town of Menomonie in western Wisconsin to deliver a lecture at the Mabel Tainter Memorial Building. Details of her talk were provided in the weekly Dunn County News on January 22, 1916: A message of optimism, of hope, of good cheer, and of loving service was brought to Menomonie Saturday—a message that will linger long with those fortunate enough to have received it. This message came with the visit of Helen Keller and her teacher, Mrs. John Macy, and both had a hand in imparting it Saturday evening to a splendid audience that filled The Memorial. The wonderful girl who has so brilliantly triumphed over the triple afflictions of blindness, dumbness and deafness, gave a talk with her own lips on "Happiness", and it will be remembered always as a piece of inspired teaching by those who heard it.[42] Keller became a world-famous speaker and author. She was an advocate for people with disabilities, amid numerous other causes. She traveled to twenty-five different countries giving motivational speeches about Deaf people's conditions.[43] She was a suffragist, pacifist, radical socialist, birth control supporter, and opponent of Woodrow Wilson. In 1915, she and George A. Kessler founded the Helen Keller International (HKI) organization. This organization is devoted to research in vision, health, and nutrition. In 1916, she sent money to the NAACP, as she was ashamed of the Southern un-Christian treatment of "colored people".[8] In 1920, Keller helped to found the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU). She traveled to over 40 countries with Sullivan, making several trips to Japan and becoming a favorite of the Japanese people. Keller met every U.S. president from Grover Cleveland to Lyndon B. Johnson and was friends with many famous figures, including Alexander Graham Bell, Charlie Chaplin and Mark Twain. Keller and Twain were both considered political radicals allied with leftist politics.[44] Keller, who believed that the poor were "ground down by industrial oppression",[41] wanted children born into poor families to have the same opportunities to succeed that she had enjoyed. She wrote, "I owed my success partly to the advantages of my birth and environment. I have learned that the power to rise is not within the reach of everyone."[45] In 1909 Keller became a member of the Socialist Party; she actively campaigned and wrote in support of the working class from 1909 to 1921. Many of her speeches and writings were about women's right to vote and the effects of war; in addition, she supported causes that opposed military intervention.[46] She had speech therapy to have her voice understood better by the public. When the Rockefeller-owned press refused to print her articles, she protested until her work was finally published.[38] She supported Socialist Party candidate Eugene V. Debs in each of his campaigns for the presidency. Before reading Progress and Poverty by Henry George, Helen Keller was already a socialist who believed that Georgism was a good step in the right direction.[47] She later wrote of finding "in Henry George's philosophy a rare beauty and power of inspiration, and a splendid faith in the essential nobility of human nature".[48] Keller claimed that newspaper columnists who had praised her courage and intelligence before she expressed her socialist views now called attention to her disabilities. The editor of the Brooklyn Eagle wrote that her "mistakes sprung out of the manifest limitations of her development". Keller responded to that editor, referring to having met him before he knew of her political views: At that time the compliments he paid me were so generous that I blush to remember them. But now that I have come out for socialism he reminds me and the public that I am blind and deaf and especially liable to error. I must have shrunk in intelligence during the years since I met him. ... Oh, ridiculous Brooklyn Eagle! Socially blind and deaf, it defends an intolerable system, a system that is the cause of much of the physical blindness and deafness which we are trying to prevent.[49] In 1912, Keller joined the Industrial Workers of the World (the IWW, known as the Wobblies),[44] saying that parliamentary socialism was "sinking in the political bog". She wrote for the IWW between 1916 and 1918. In Why I Became an IWW,[50] Keller explained that her motivation for activism came in part from her concern about blindness and other disabilities: I was appointed on a commission to investigate the conditions of the blind. For the first time I, who had thought blindness a misfortune beyond human control, found that too much of it was traceable to wrong industrial conditions, often caused by the selfishness and greed of employers. And the social evil contributed its share. I found that poverty drove women to a life of shame that ended in blindness. The last sentence refers to prostitution and syphilis, the former a "life of shame" that women used to support themselves, which contributed to their contracting syphilis. Untreated, it was a leading cause of blindness. In the same interview, Keller also cited the 1912 strike of textile workers in Lawrence, Massachusetts for instigating her support of socialism. Keller supported eugenics which had become popular with new understandings (as well as misapprehensions) of principles of biological inheritance. In 1915, she wrote in favor of refusing life-saving medical procedures to infants with severe mental impairments or physical deformities, saying that their lives were not worthwhile and they would likely become criminals.[38]: pp36-37 [51] Keller also expressed concerns about human overpopulation.[52][53][unreliable source?] From 1946 to 1957 Keller visited 35 countries.[54] In 1948 she went to New Zealand and visited deaf schools in Christchurch and Auckland. She met Deaf Society of Canterbury Life Member Patty Still in Christchurch.[55] Works[edit] Helen Keller, c. November 1912 Keller wrote a total of 12 published books and several articles. One of her earliest pieces of writing, at age 11, was The Frost King (1891). There were allegations that this story had been plagiarized from The Frost Fairies by Margaret Canby. An investigation into the matter revealed that Keller may have experienced a case of cryptomnesia, which was that she had Canby's story read to her but forgot about it, while the memory remained in her subconscious.[35] At age 22, Keller published her autobiography, The Story of My Life (1903), with help from Sullivan and Sullivan's husband, John Macy. It recounts the story of her life up to age 21 and was written during her time in college. In an article Keller wrote in 1907, she brought to public attention the fact that many cases of childhood blindness could be prevented by washing the eyes of every newborn baby with a disinfectant solution. At the time, only a fraction of doctors and midwives were doing this. Thanks to Keller's advocacy, this commonsense public health measure was swiftly and widely adopted.[45][56] Keller wrote The World I Live In in 1908, giving readers an insight into how she felt about the world.[57] Out of the Dark, a series of essays on socialism, was published in 1913. When Keller was young, Anne Sullivan introduced her to Phillips Brooks, who introduced her to Christianity, Keller famously saying: "I always knew He was there, but I didn't know His name!"[58][59][60] Her spiritual autobiography, My Religion,[61] was published in 1927 and then in 1994 extensively revised[by whom?][citation needed] and re-issued under the title Light in My Darkness. It advocates the teachings of Emanuel Swedenborg, the Christian theologian and mystic who gave a spiritual interpretation of the teachings of the Bible and who claimed that the Second Coming of Jesus Christ had already taken place. Keller described the core of her belief in these words: But in Swedenborg's teaching it [Divine Providence] is shown to be the government of God's Love and Wisdom and the creation of uses. Since His Life cannot be less in one being than another, or His Love manifested less fully in one thing than another, His Providence must needs be universal ... He has provided religion of some kind everywhere, and it does not matter to what race or creed anyone belongs if he is faithful to his ideals of right living.[61] "The Frost King" (1891) The Story of My Life (1903) Optimism: an essay (1903) T. Y. Crowell and company My Key of Life: Optimism (1904), Isbister The World I Live In (1908) The miracle of life (1909) Hodder and Stoughton The song of the stone wall (1910) The Century co. Out of the Dark, a series of essays on socialism (1913) Uncle Sam Is Calling (set to music by Pauline B. Story) (1917)[62] My Religion (1927; also called Light in My Darkness) Midstream: my later life (1929) Doubleday, Doran & company We bereaved.(1929) L. Fulenwider, Inc Peace at eventide (1932) Methuen & co. ltd Helen Keller in Scotland: a personal record written by herself (1933) Methuen, 212pp Helen Keller's journal (1938) M. Joseph, 296pp Let us have faith (1940), Doubleday, & Doran & co., inc. Teacher: Anne Sullivan Macy: a tribute by the foster-child of her mind. (1955), Doubleday (publisher) The open door (1957), Doubleday, 140pp The faith of Helen Keller (1967) Helen Keller: her socialist years, writings and speeches (1967) Archival material[edit] The Helen Keller Archives in New York are owned by the American Foundation for the Blind.[63] Archival material of Helen Keller stored in New York was lost when the Twin Towers were destroyed in the September 11 attacks.[64][65][66] Later life and death[edit] Keller had a series of strokes in 1961 and spent the last years of her life at her home.[35] On September 14, 1964, President Lyndon B. Johnson awarded her the Presidential Medal of Freedom, one of the United States' two highest civilian honors. In 1965 she was elected to the National Women's Hall of Fame at the New York World's Fair.[35] Keller devoted much of her later life to raising funds for the American Foundation for the Blind. She died in her sleep on June 1, 1968, at her home, Arcan Ridge, located in Easton, Connecticut, at the age of 87. A service was held at the Washington National Cathedral in Washington, D.C., and her body was cremated in Bridgeport, Connecticut. Her ashes were buried at the Washington National Cathedral next to her constant companions, Anne Sullivan and Polly Thomson.[67][68] Portrayals[edit] Anne Sullivan – Helen Keller Memorial—a bronze sculpture in Tewksbury, Massachusetts Keller's life has been interpreted many times. She and her companion Anne Sullivan appeared in a silent film, Deliverance (1919), which told her story in a melodramatic, allegorical style.[69] She was also the subject of the Academy Award-winning 1954 documentary Helen Keller in Her Story, narrated by her friend and noted theatrical actress Katharine Cornell. She was also profiled in The Story of Helen Keller, part of the Famous Americans series produced by Hearst Entertainment. The Miracle Worker is a cycle of dramatic works ultimately derived from her autobiography, The Story of My Life. The various dramas each describe the relationship between Keller and Sullivan, depicting how the teacher led her from a state of almost feral wildness into education, activism, and intellectual celebrity. The common title of the cycle echoes Mark Twain's description of Sullivan as a "miracle worker". Its first realization was the 1957 Playhouse 90 teleplay of that title by William Gibson, starring Patty McCormack as Helen and Teresa Wright as Sullivan. He adapted it for a Broadway production in 1959 and an Oscar-winning feature film in 1962, starring Anne Bancroft and Patty Duke. It was remade for television in 1979 and 2000." Helen Keller with Patty Duke, who portrayed Keller in both the play and film The Miracle Worker (1962). In a 1979 remake, Patty Duke played Anne Sullivan. An anime movie called The Story of Helen Keller: Angel of Love and Light was made in 1981.[70] In 1984, Keller's life story was made into a TV movie called The Miracle Continues.[71] This film, a semi-sequel to The Miracle Worker, recounts her college years and her early adult life. None of the early movies hint at the social activism that would become the hallmark of Keller's later life, although a Disney version produced in 2000 states in the credits that she became an activist for social equality. The Bollywood movie Black (2005) was largely based on Keller's story, from her childhood to her graduation.[72] A documentary called Shining Soul: Helen Keller's Spiritual Life and Legacy was produced by the Swedenborg Foundation in the same year. The film focuses on the role played by Emanuel Swedenborg's spiritual theology in her life and how it inspired Keller's triumph over her triple disabilities of blindness, deafness and a severe speech impediment.[73] On March 6, 2008, the New England Historic Genealogical Society announced that a staff member had discovered a rare 1888 photograph showing Helen and Anne, which, although previously published, had escaped widespread attention.[74] Depicting Helen holding one of her many dolls, it is believed to be the earliest surviving photograph of Anne Sullivan Macy.[75] Video footage showing Helen Keller speaking also exists.[76] A biography of Helen Keller was written by the German Jewish author Hildegard Johanna Kaeser. A 10-by-7-foot (3.0 by 2.1 m) painting titled The Advocate: Tribute to Helen Keller was created by three artists from Kerala, India as a tribute to Helen Keller. The Painting was created in association with a non-profit organization Art d'Hope Foundation, artists groups Palette People and XakBoX Design & Art Studio.[77] This painting was created for a fundraising event to help blind students in India[78] and was inaugurated by M. G. Rajamanikyam, IAS (District Collector Ernakulam) on Helen Keller day (June 27, 2016).[79] The painting depicts the major events of Helen Keller's life and is one of the biggest paintings done based on Helen Keller's life. In 2020, the documentary essay Her Socialist Smile by John Gianvito evolves around Keller's first public talk in 1913 before a general audience, when she started speaking out on behalf of progressive causes.[80] Posthumous honors[edit] Helen Keller as depicted on the Alabama state quarter. The braille on the coin is English Braille for “HELEN KELLER.” In 1999, Keller was listed in Gallup's Most Widely Admired People of the 20th century. In 1999, Keller was named one of Time magazine's 100 Most Important People of the 20th Century.[81] In 2003, Alabama honored its native daughter on its state quarter.[82] The Alabama state quarter is the only circulating U.S. coin to feature braille.[83] The Helen Keller Hospital in Sheffield, Alabama, is dedicated to her.[84] Streets are named after Helen Keller in Zürich, Switzerland; in the US; in Getafe, Spain; in Vienna, Austria; in Lod, Israel;[85] in Lisbon, Portugal;[86] and in Caen, France. A preschool for the deaf and hard of hearing in Mysore, India, was originally named after Helen Keller by its founder, K. K. Srinivasan.[87] In 1973, Helen Keller was inducted into the National Women's Hall of Fame.[88] A stamp was issued in 1980 by the United States Postal Service depicting Keller and Sullivan, to mark the centennial of Keller's birth. That year her birth was also recognized by a presidential proclamation from U.S. President Jimmy Carter. Pennsylvania annually commemorates her June 27 birthday as Helen Keller Day. On October 7, 2009, the State of Alabama donated a bronze statue of Keller to the National Statuary Hall Collection, as a replacement for its 1908 statue of education reformer Jabez Lamar Monroe Curry.[89] Keller was posthumously inducted into the Alabama Women's Hall of Fame in 1971. She was one of twelve inaugural inductees to the Alabama Writers Hall of Fame on June 8, 2015.[90] See also[edit] Helen Keller Services for the Blind Laura Bridgman List of peace activists Perkins School for the Blind Ragnhild Kåta Citations[edit] ^ "Deaf, Blind Woman to Get College Degree". The New York Times. June 6, 1983. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved April 14, 2023. ^ "Speeches, Helen Keller Archive at the American Foundation for the Blind". Archived from the original on December 18, 2021. Retrieved December 23, 2020. ^ Aneja, Arpita; Waxman, Olivia B. (December 15, 2020). "The Helen Keller You Didn't Learn About in School". Time. Retrieved April 14, 2023. ^ a b "Helen Keller Birthplace". Helen Keller Birthplace Foundation, Inc. Archived from the original on February 22, 2011. Retrieved January 13, 2005. ^ "Arthur H. Keller". Encyclopedia of Alabama. Archived from the original on July 26, 2011. Retrieved March 15, 2016. ^ "Kate Adams Keller". American Foundation for the Blind. Archived from the original on April 9, 2010. Retrieved March 7, 2010. ^ a b c "Helen Keller FAQ". Perkins School for the Blind. Archived from the original on August 16, 2014. Retrieved December 25, 2010. ^ a b c d e f g Nielsen, Kim E. (2007). "The Southern Ties of Helen Keller". Journal of Southern History. 73 (4): 783–806. doi:10.2307/27649568. JSTOR 27649568. Archived from the original on January 9, 2022. Retrieved March 15, 2016. ^ "Ask Keller". American Foundation for the Blind. October 2006. Archived from the original on March 3, 2016. Retrieved March 15, 2016. ^ "Ask Keller". American Foundation for the Blind. November 2005. Archived from the original on January 24, 2018. Retrieved June 13, 2017. ^ Eicher, John; Eicher, David (June 1, 2002). Civil War High Commands. Stanford University Press. ISBN 978-0-8047-8035-3. ^ a b Herrmann, Dorothy; Keller, Helen; Shattuck, Roger (2003). The Story of my Life: The Restored Classic. W. W. Norton & Company. pp. 12–14. ISBN 978-0-393-32568-3. Retrieved May 14, 2010. ^ "Ask Keller". American Foundation for the Blind. November 2005. Archived from the original on April 9, 2008. Retrieved March 15, 2016. ^ "Ask Keller". American Foundation for the Blind. February 2005. Archived from the original on September 9, 2016. Retrieved June 13, 2017. Helen's illness was diagnosed by her doctor as 'acute congestion of the stomach and the brain' ^ "What Caused Helen Keller to Be Deaf and Blind? An Expert Has This Theory". Live Science. June 2018. Archived from the original on March 1, 2021. Retrieved February 24, 2021. ^ "Helen Keller Biography". American Foundation for the Blind. Archived from the original on July 25, 2017. Retrieved February 21, 2015. ^ a b c "Helen Keller's Moment". The Attic. November 29, 2018. Archived from the original on December 5, 2018. Retrieved December 4, 2018. ^ a b Keller, Helen (1905). "The Story of My Life". New York: Doubleday, Page & Company. Archived from the original on January 14, 2016. Retrieved March 15, 2016. ^ Shattuck, Roger (1904). The World I Live In. New York Review of Books. ISBN 978-1590170670. Archived from the original on May 8, 2020. Retrieved October 13, 2018. ^ Worthington, W. Curtis (1990). A Family Album: Men Who Made the Medical Center. Reprint Co. ISBN 978-0-87152-444-7. Archived from the original on December 8, 2012. Retrieved March 8, 2008. ^ Wilkie, Katherine E. (1969). Helen Keller: Handicapped Girl. Atheneum. ISBN 978-0-672-50076-3. ^ "Helen Keller's Moment". The Attic. November 29, 2018. Archived from the original on March 27, 2019. Retrieved February 1, 2019. ^ Keller, Helen (2009). The Story of My Life. Cosimo, Incorporated. p. 22. ISBN 9781605206882. ^ Dahl, Hartvig. "Observation on a Natural Experiment". ^ William Wade House and Finishing School, retrieved July 16, 2023 ^ "Helen Keller in College – Blind, Dumb and Deaf Girl Now Studying at Radcliffe". Chicago Tribune: 16. October 13, 1900. Archived from the original on February 13, 2016. Retrieved March 15, 2016. ^ "Phi Beta Kappa Members" Archived April 7, 2020, at the Wayback Machine. The Phi Beta Kappa Society (PBK.org). Retrieved March 25, 2020. ^ Herbert Gantschacher "Back from History! – The correspondence of letters between the Austrian-Jewish philosopher Wilhelm Jerusalem and the American deafblind writer Helen Keller", Gebärdensache, Vienna 2009, p. 35ff. ^ Cosslett, Rhiannon Lucy (January 7, 2021). "Helen Keller: why is a TikTok conspiracy theory undermining her story?". The Guardian. Archived from the original on February 28, 2021. Retrieved March 17, 2021. ^ Specifically, the reordered alphabet known as American Braille ^ Johnson-Thompson, Keller. "Ask Keller – March 2005". Braille Bug. American Printing House for the Blind. Archived from the original on March 7, 2021. Retrieved March 17, 2021. ^ "First Number Citizens Lecture Course Monday, November Fifth", The Weekly Spectrum, North Dakota Agricultural College, Volume XXXVI no. 3, November 7, 1917. ^ Herrmann, Dorothy (1999). Helen Keller: A Life. University of Chicago Press. pp. 266–. ISBN 978-0226327631. Archived from the original on May 8, 2020. Retrieved November 12, 2017. ^ "Tragedy to Triumph: An Adventure with Helen Keller". Graceproducts.com. Archived from the original on March 14, 2016. Retrieved March 15, 2016. ^ a b c d e "The life of Helen Keller". Royal National Institute of Blind People. November 20, 2008. Archived from the original on June 7, 2007. Retrieved January 22, 2009. ^ Sultan, Rosie (May 14, 2012). "Helen Keller's Secret Love Life". The Huffington Post. Archived from the original on March 20, 2016. Retrieved March 15, 2016. ^ Herrmann, Dorothy (1999). Helen Keller: A Life. University of Chicago Press. p. 255. ISBN 978-0-226-32763-1. Archived from the original on January 9, 2022. Retrieved November 17, 2021. With Helen Keller at her bedside, holding her hand, Anne Sullivan Macy died on October 20, 1936, at seven-thirty in the morning. ^ a b c Nielsen, Kim E. (2004). The radical lives of Helen Keller. New York: New York University Press. ISBN 978-0814758144. ^ Herrmann, Dorothy (1999). Helen Keller: A Life. University of Chicago Press. pp. 180–181. ISBN 978-0-226-32763-1. Archived from the original on January 9, 2022. Retrieved November 17, 2021. For years she had always been carefully photographed in right profile to hide her left eye, which was protruding and obviously blind. Aware that she would now be exposed to the merciless gaze of the public, she had both eyes surgically removed and replaced with glass ones. ^ Selsdon, Helen (July 29, 2015). "Helen Keller: An Artificial Eye". American Foundation for the Blind. Archived from the original on January 9, 2022. Retrieved September 23, 2021. ^ a b Keller, Helen (2003). Davis, John (ed.). Rebel Lives. Ocean Press. p. 57. ISBN 978-1-876175-60-3. ^ Koser, Jessica (January 19, 2016). "From the files: New library is now open to the public". Dunn County News. Archived from the original on March 25, 2016. Retrieved March 15, 2016. ^ McGinnity, B.L (September 12, 2014). "Helen Keller". Archived from the original on November 24, 2016. Retrieved November 29, 2016. ^ a b Loewen, James W. (1996) [1995]. Lies My Teacher Told Me: Everything Your American History Textbook Got Wrong (Touchstone ed.). New York: Touchstone Books. pp. 20–22. ISBN 978-0-684-81886-3. ^ a b Hubbard, Ruth Shagoury. "The Truth About Helen Keller". rethinking schools. Archived from the original on December 9, 2021. Retrieved December 6, 2021. ^ Davis, Mark J. "Examining the American peace movement prior to World War I" Archived December 18, 2019, at the Wayback Machine, America Magazine, April 17, 2017 ^ "Wonder Woman at Massey Hall". Toronto Star Weekly. January 1914. Archived from the original on November 1, 2014. Retrieved October 31, 2014. ^ George, Henry (1998). Progress & Poverty. Robert Schalkenbach Foundation. ISBN 978-0-911312-10-2. Archived from the original on April 17, 2021. Retrieved October 17, 2020. ^ Keller, Helen (November 3, 1912). "How I Became a Socialist". The New York Call. Helen Keller Reference Archive. Archived from the original on March 29, 2016. Retrieved March 15, 2016. ^ Bindley, Barbara (January 16, 1916). "Why I Became an IWW". New York Tribune. Archived from the original on September 7, 2021. Retrieved December 21, 2021 – via Helen Keller Reference Archive. ^ Pernick, M S (November 1997). "Eugenics and public health in American history". American Journal of Public Health. 87 (11): 1767–1772. doi:10.2105/ajph.87.11.1767. PMC 1381159. PMID 9366633. ^ "Quotes". Population Matters. Archived from the original on July 3, 2015. Retrieved July 3, 2014. ^ "Quotes". World Population Balance. Archived from the original on July 14, 2014. Retrieved July 3, 2014. ^ "Helen Keller Biography" Archived July 25, 2017, at the Wayback Machine. American Foundation for the Blind (AFB.org). Retrieved March 31, 2020. ^ "History » Deaf Society of Canterbury – Te Kahui Turi Ki Waitaha". Archived from the original on September 18, 2018. Retrieved September 18, 2018. ^ Keller, Helen (January 1907). "Unnecessary Blindness". The Ladies' Home Journal. Archived from the original on December 6, 2021. Retrieved December 6, 2021. ^ Keller, Helen (1910). The World I Live In. New York: The Century Co. ISBN 978-1-59017-067-0. ^ Willmington, H. L. (1981). Willmington's Guide to the Bible. Wheaton, Illinois: Tyndale House Publishers. p. 591. ISBN 978-0-8423-8804-7. Retrieved March 15, 2016. Sometime after she had progressed to the point that she could engage in conversation, she was told of God and his love in sending Christ to die on the cross. She is said to have responded with joy, "I always knew he was there, but I didn't know his name!" ^ Helms, Harold E. (April 30, 2004). God's Final Answer. Xulon Press. p. 78. ISBN 978-1-59467-410-5. Archived from the original on May 8, 2020. Retrieved March 15, 2016. A favorite story about Helen Keller concerns her first introduction to the gospel. When Helen, who was both blind and deaf, learned to communicate, Anne Sullivan, her teacher, decided that it was time for her to hear about Jesus Christ. Anne called for Phillips Brooks, the most famous preacher in Boston. With Sullivan interpreting for him, he talked to Helen Keller about Christ. It wasn't long until a smile lighted up her face. Through her teacher she said, "Mr. Brooks, I have always known about God, but until now I didn't know His name." ^ Dickinson, Mary Lowe; Avary, Myrta Lockett (1901). Heaven, Home And Happiness. The Christian Herald. p. 216. Retrieved March 15, 2016. Phillips Brooks began to tell her about God, who God was, what he had done, how he loved me, and what he was to us. The child listened very intently. Then she looked up and said, "Mr. Brooks, I knew all that before, but I didn't know His name." ^ a b Keller, Helen (2007). My Religion. The Book Tree. pp. 177–178. ISBN 978-1-58509-284-0. Archived from the original on December 26, 2020. Retrieved June 16, 2015. ^ "94 Pauline story Images: PICRYL Public Domain Search". PICRYL. Archived from the original on November 9, 2021. Retrieved November 9, 2021. ^ "Helen Keller – Our Champion". American Foundation for the Blind. 2015. Archived from the original on November 8, 2015. Retrieved November 7, 2015. ^ "Helen Keller Archive Lost in World Trade Center Attack". Poets & Writers. October 3, 2001. Archived from the original on August 8, 2015. Retrieved April 26, 2015. ^ Urschel, Donna (November 2002). "Lives and Treasures Taken". Library of Congress Information Bulletin. 61 (11). Library of Congress. Archived from the original on November 22, 2017. Retrieved December 29, 2017. ^ Bridge, Sarah; Stastna, Kazi (August 21, 2011). "9/11 anniversary: What was lost in the damage". CBC News. Archived from the original on January 19, 2018. Retrieved April 26, 2015. ^ Wilson, Scott. Resting Places: The Burial Sites of More Than 14,000 Famous Persons, 3d ed.: 2 (Kindle Locations 24973-24974). McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers. Kindle Edition. ^ "The life of Helen Keller". Archived from the original on June 7, 2007. ^ "Deliverance (1919)". IMDb. Archived from the original on March 27, 2007. Retrieved June 15, 2006. ^ "Helen Keller Monogatari: AI to Hikari no Tenshi". IMDb. Archived from the original on December 13, 2021. Retrieved December 13, 2021. ^ "Helen Keller: The Miracle Continues (1984) (TV)". IMDb. Archived from the original on February 5, 2006. Retrieved June 15, 2006. ^ Güler, Emrah (October 28, 2013). "Helen Keller story inspires Turkish film". Hürriyet Daily News. Archived from the original on March 18, 2016. Retrieved April 26, 2015. ^ "Shining Soul: Helen Keller's Spiritual Life & Legacy". The Video Librarian. 21 (3): 86. May 1, 2006. ^ "Picture of Helen Keller as a child revealed after 120 years". The Independent. London. March 7, 2008. Archived from the original on February 21, 2010. Retrieved May 4, 2010. ^ "Newly Discovered Photograph Features Never Before Seen Image Of Young Helen Keller" (PDF). New England Genealogical Society. Retrieved March 6, 2008. [dead link] ^ "Helen Keller Speaks Out". YouTube. Retrieved April 15, 2023. ^ "A tribute to Helen Keller". The New Indian Express. July 12, 2016. Archived from the original on October 19, 2016. Retrieved October 17, 2016. ^ "'Tribute to Helen Keller': Art for raising funds for blind students". www.artdhope.org. July 25, 2016. Archived from the original on October 18, 2016. Retrieved October 17, 2016. ^ "Tribute to Helen Keller". The Hindu. Archived from the original on January 9, 2022. Retrieved October 17, 2016. ^ "Her Socialist Smile". Film at Lincoln Center. Archived from the original on July 2, 2021. Retrieved November 1, 2020. ^ "Time 100 Persons of The Century". Time. June 6, 1999 – via content.time.com. ^ "A likeness of Helen Keller is featured on Alabama's quarter". United States Mint. March 23, 2010. Archived from the original on December 1, 2006. Retrieved August 24, 2010. ^ "The Official Alabama State Quarter". The US50. March 17, 2003. Archived from the original on October 21, 2013. Retrieved October 21, 2013. ^ "Helen Keller Hospital website". Helenkeller.com. Archived from the original on April 13, 2009. Retrieved August 24, 2010. ^ "רחוב הלן קלר, לוד" [Helen Keller Street, Lod] (in Hebrew). Google Maps. January 1, 1970. Archived from the original on January 9, 2022. Retrieved July 24, 2011. ^ "Toponymy section of the Lisbon Municipality website". Toponimia.cm-lisboa.pt. January 6, 1968. Archived from the original on March 24, 2012. Retrieved July 24, 2011. ^ ""The World at your Fingertips: Helen Keller's legacy touches deafblind children in India", Radio Netherlands Archives, February 18, 2004". February 18, 2004. Archived from the original on October 27, 2020. Retrieved April 15, 2019. ^ "National Women's Hall of Fame, Helen Keller". Archived from the original on November 21, 2018. Retrieved November 21, 2018. ^ "Helen Keller". Architect of the Capitol. Archived from the original on December 2, 2010. Retrieved December 25, 2009. ^ "Harper Lee Among Inaugural Inductees Into Alabama Writers Hall of Fame". The Huffington Post. June 8, 2015. Archived from the original on December 4, 2015. Retrieved March 15, 2016. Further reading[edit] Library resources about Helen Keller Online books Resources in your library Resources in other libraries By Helen Keller Online books Resources in your library Resources in other libraries Einhorn, Lois J. (1998). Helen Keller, Public Speaker: Sightless But Seen, Deaf But Heard (Great American Orators) Harrity, Richard and Martin, Ralph G. (1962). The Three Lives of Helen Keller. Hickok, Lorena A. (1958). The Story of Helen Keller. Grosset & Dunlap. Lash, Joseph P. (1980). Helen and Teacher: The Story of Helen Keller and Anne Sullivan Macy. New York: Delacorte Press. ISBN 978-0-440-03654-8. "World Encyclopedia". Keller, Helen Adams. World Encyclopedia. Philip's. 2008. ISBN 978-0-19-954609-1. Retrieved February 10, 2012. Brooks, Van Wyck (1956). Helen Keller Sketch for a Portrait. External links[edit] Works by Helen Keller at Faded Page (Canada) Works by Helen Keller at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks) Works by Helen Keller in eBook form at Standard Ebooks Works by Helen Keller at Open Library Works by Helen Keller at Project Gutenberg Works by or about Helen Keller at Internet Archive Newspaper clippings about Helen Keller in the 20th Century Press Archives of the ZBW Helen Keller and Anne Sullivan Collections at Perkins School for the Blind vteHelen KellerLife history Ivy Green Tuscumbia, Alabama Laura Bridgman Alexander Graham Bell Charles W. Adams Schools attended Perkins School for the Blind Anne Sullivan Wright-Humason School for the Deaf Horace Mann School for the Deaf and Hard of Hearing The Cambridge School of Weston Radcliffe College Related foundations Helen Keller International American Civil Liberties Union Helen Keller Services for the Blind Related works "The Frost King" The Story of My Life Light in My Darkness Deliverance Helen Keller in Her Story The Miracle Worker play 1962 film 1979 film 2000 film The Miracle Continues Black Related Helen Keller Day Statue of Helen Keller Links to related articles vteAlabama Women's Hall of Fame1970s1971 Hallie Farmer Helen Keller Julia Strudwick Tutwiler 1972 Agnes Ellen Harris Margaret Murray Washington 1973 Edwina Donnelly Mitchell Lurleen Wallace 1974 Henrietta Gibbs Loraine Bedsole Tunstall 1975 Dixie Bibb Graves Marie Bankhead Owen 1976 Ruth Robertson Berrey Annie Lola Price 1977 Amelia Gayle Gorgas Augusta Jane Evans Wilson 1978 Annie Rowan Forney Daugette Patti Ruffner Jacobs 1979 Myrtle Brooke Carrie A. Tuggle 1980s1980 Kathleen Moore Mallory Ruby Pickens Tartt 1981 Tallulah Bankhead Elizabeth Johnston 1982 Chrysostom Moynahan Loula Friend Dunn 1983 Anne Mathilde Bilbro Clara Weaver Parrish 1984 Mildred Westervelt Warner Katherine White-Spunner 1985 Blanche Evans Dean Katherine Vickery 1986 Chamintney Stovall Thomas Martha Strudwick Young 1987 Elizabeth C. Crosby Lella Warren 1988 Katherine Cooper Cater Mary Elizabeth Phillips Thompson 1989 Gwen Bristow Geneva Mercer 1990s1990 Maud McLure Kelly Octavia Walton Le Vert 1991 Frances Virginia Praytor Anna Linton Praytor Julia Tarrant Barron 1992 Bessie Morse Bellingrath Frances Scott Fitzgerald Zelda Fitzgerald 1993 Ida Elizabeth Brandon Mathis Mary George Jordan Waite 1994 Doris Marie Bender Lottice Howell 1995 Elizabeth Burford Bashinsky Maude McKnight Lindsay 1997 Hattie Hooker Wilkins Marion Walker Spidle 1998 Martha Foster Crawford Maria Howard Weeden 1999 Margaret H. Booth Juliet Opie Hopkins 2000s2000 Florence Golson Bateman Maria Fearing 2001 Ida Vines Moffett Sibyl Murphree Pool 2002 Idella Jones Childs Jane Lobman Katz 2003 Louise Branscomb Bess Bolden Walcott 2004 Nancy Batson Crews Rosa Gerhardt 2005 Vera Hall Juliette Hampton Morgan 2006 Virginia Foster Durr Mary Celesta Johnson Weatherly 2007 Fran McKee Martha Crystal Myers 2008 Rosa Parks 2009 Coretta Scott King 2010s2010 Mary Ivy Burks Margaret Charles Smith 2011 Evelyn Daniel Anderson Ada Ruth Stovall 2012Nina Miglionico2013 Zora Neale Hurston Frances C. Roberts 2014 Hazel Mansell Gore 2015 Kathryn Tucker Windham 2016 Anne Mae Beddow Sarah Haynsworth Gayle 2017 Mary Ward Brown Sara Crews Finley 2018 Jessie Welch Austin Jeanne Friegel Berman 2019 Milly Francis Harper Lee 2020s2020 Mother Angelica Janie Shores 2021 Vivian Malone Jones Emera Frances Griffin 2022 Vestal Goodman Allison Wetherbee 2023 Mahala Ashley Dickerson Alice Lee (lawyer) vteConnecticut Women's Hall of Fame1990s1994 Mary Jobe Akeley Anni Albers Marian Anderson Beatrice Fox Auerbach Emma Fielding Baker Evelyn Longman Batchelder Catharine Beecher Jody Cohen Prudence Crandall Katharine Seymour Day Fidelia Fielding Charlotte Perkins Gilman Dorothy Goodwin Ella Grasso Estelle Griswold Mary Hall Alice Hamilton Katharine Hepburn Katharine Martha Houghton Hepburn Isabella Beecher Hooker Emeline Roberts Jones Barbara B. Kennelly Clare Boothe Luce Rachel Taylor Milton Alice Paul Ellen Ash Peters Ann Petry Sarah Porter Theodate Pope Riddle Edna Negron Rosario Margaret Rudkin Susan Saint James Lydia Sigourney Virginia Thrall Smith Smiths of Glastonbury Hilda Crosby Standish Harriet Beecher Stowe Gladys Tantaquidgeon Betty Tianti Hannah Bunce Watson Chase G. Woodhouse 1995 Helen M. Feeney Caroline Hewins Donna Lopiano María Colón Sánchez 1996 Edythe J. Gaines Madeleine L'Engle Susanne Langer 1997 Elizabeth Hart Jarvis Colt Annie Dillard Margo Rose Laura Wheeler Waring 1998 Dorrit Hoffleit Constance Baker Motley Rosa Ponselle Lillian Vernon Mabel Osgood Wright 1999 Jane Hamilton-Merritt Sophie Tucker Ann Uccello Florence Wald 2000s2000 Emily Barringer Adrianne Baughns-Wallace Mary Goodrich Jenson 2001 Laura Nyro Catherine Roraback Maria Miller Stewart 2002 Florence Griswold Eileen Kraus Miriam Therese Winter 2003 Dotha Bushnell Hillyer Clarice McLean 2005 Martha Coolidge Helen Frankenthaler Rosalind Russell 2006 Helen Keller Mary Townsend Seymour Anne Stanback 2007 Dorothy Hamill Joan Joyce Glenna Collett-Vare 2008 Jewel Plummer Cobb Patricia Goldman-Rakic Barbara McClintock Joan A. Steitz 2009 Martha Minerva Franklin Carolyn M. Mazure Helen L. Smits 2010s2010 Anne M. Mulcahy Martha Parsons Maggie Wilderotter 2011 Isabelle M. Kelley Denise Nappier Patricia Wald 2012 Anne Garrels Annie Leibovitz Faith Middleton 2013 Rosa DeLauro Barbara Franklin Linda Lorimer Augusta Lewis Troup 2014 Beatrix Farrand Jennifer Lawton Marian Salzman 2015 Margaret Bourke-White Carolyn Miles Indra Nooyi 2016 Rebecca Lobo Jane Pauley Joyce Yerwood 2017 Kristen Griest Ruth A. Lucas Regina Rush-Kittle 2018 Lucia Chase Anika Noni Rose Tina Weymouth 2019 Marian Chertow Nell Newman Martha Langevin Elizabeth George Plouffe 2020s2020 Josephine Bennett Frances Ellen Burr Catherine Flanagan Sarah Lee Brown Fleming Clara Hill (suffragist) Elsie Hill Helena Hill Emily Pierson 2021 Enola G. Aird Patricia Baker Donna Berman Khalilah L. Brown-Dean Glynda C. Carr Callie Gale Heilmann Jerimarie Liesegang Kica Matos Marilyn Ondrasik Pamela Selders Teresa C. Younger 2022 Cora Lee Bentley Radcliffe Jennifer Rizzotti Lhakpa Sherpa Suzy Whaley 2023 Lisa Cortés Laura Cruickshank Carla Squatrito Regina Winters-Toussaint vteInductees to the National Women's Hall of Fame1970–19791973 Jane Addams Marian Anderson Susan B. Anthony Clara Barton Mary McLeod Bethune Elizabeth Blackwell Pearl S. Buck Rachel Carson Mary Cassatt Emily Dickinson Amelia Earhart Alice Hamilton Helen Hayes Helen Keller Eleanor Roosevelt Florence Sabin Margaret Chase Smith Elizabeth Cady Stanton Helen Brooke Taussig Harriet Tubman 1976 Abigail Adams Margaret Mead Mildred "Babe" Didrikson Zaharias 1979 Dorothea Dix Juliette Gordon Low Alice Paul Elizabeth Bayley Seton 1980–19891981 Margaret Sanger Sojourner Truth 1982 Carrie Chapman Catt Frances Perkins 1983 Belva Lockwood Lucretia Mott 1984 Mary "Mother" Harris Jones Bessie Smith 1986 Barbara McClintock Lucy Stone Harriet Beecher Stowe 1988 Gwendolyn Brooks Willa Cather Sally Ride Mary Risteau Ida B. Wells-Barnett 1990–19991990 Margaret Bourke-White Barbara Jordan Billie Jean King Florence B. Seibert 1991 Gertrude Belle Elion 1993 Ethel Percy Andrus Antoinette Blackwell Emily Blackwell Shirley Chisholm Jacqueline Cochran Ruth Colvin Marian Wright Edelman Alice Evans Betty Friedan Ella Grasso Martha Wright Griffiths Fannie Lou Hamer Dorothy Height Dolores Huerta Mary Putnam Jacobi Mae Jemison Mary Lyon Mary Mahoney Wilma Mankiller Constance Baker Motley Georgia O'Keeffe Annie Oakley Rosa Parks Esther Peterson Jeannette Rankin Ellen Swallow Richards Elaine Roulet Katherine Siva Saubel Gloria Steinem Helen Stephens Lillian Wald Madam C. J. Walker Faye Wattleton Rosalyn S. Yalow Gloria Yerkovich 1994 Bella Abzug Ella Baker Myra Bradwell Annie Jump Cannon Jane Cunningham Croly Catherine East Geraldine Ferraro Charlotte Perkins Gilman Grace Hopper Helen LaKelly Hunt Zora Neale Hurston Anne Hutchinson Frances Wisebart Jacobs Susette La Flesche Louise McManus Maria Mitchell Antonia Novello Linda Richards Wilma Rudolph Betty Bone Schiess Muriel Siebert Nettie Stevens Oprah Winfrey Sarah Winnemucca Fanny Wright 1995 Virginia Apgar Ann Bancroft Amelia Bloomer Mary Breckinridge Eileen Collins Elizabeth Hanford Dole Anne Dallas Dudley Mary Baker Eddy Ella Fitzgerald Margaret Fuller Matilda Joslyn Gage Lillian Moller Gilbreth Nannerl O. Keohane Maggie Kuhn Sandra Day O'Connor Josephine St. Pierre Ruffin Pat Schroeder Hannah Greenebaum Solomon 1996 Louisa May Alcott Charlotte Anne Bunch Frances Xavier Cabrini Mary A. Hallaren Oveta Culp Hobby Wilhelmina Cole Holladay Anne Morrow Lindbergh Maria Goeppert Mayer Ernestine Louise Potowski Rose Maria Tallchief Edith Wharton 1998 Madeleine Albright Maya Angelou Nellie Bly Lydia Moss Bradley Mary Steichen Calderone Mary Ann Shadd Cary Joan Ganz Cooney Gerty Cori Sarah Grimké Julia Ward Howe Shirley Ann Jackson Shannon Lucid Katharine Dexter McCormick Rozanne L. Ridgway Edith Nourse Rogers Felice Schwartz Eunice Kennedy Shriver Beverly Sills Florence Wald Angelina Grimké Weld Chien-Shiung Wu 2000–20092000 Faye Glenn Abdellah Emma Smith DeVoe Marjory Stoneman Douglas Mary Dyer Sylvia A. Earle Crystal Eastman Jeanne Holm Leontine T. Kelly Frances Oldham Kelsey Kate Mullany Janet Reno Anna Howard Shaw Sophia Smith Ida Tarbell Wilma L. Vaught Mary Edwards Walker Annie Dodge Wauneka Eudora Welty Frances E. Willard 2001 Dorothy H. Andersen Lucille Ball Rosalynn Carter Lydia Maria Child Bessie Coleman Dorothy Day Marian de Forest Althea Gibson Beatrice A. Hicks Barbara Holdridge Harriet Williams Russell Strong Emily Howell Warner Victoria Woodhull 2002 Paulina Kellogg Wright Davis Ruth Bader Ginsburg Katharine Graham Bertha Holt Mary Engle Pennington Mercy Otis Warren 2003 Linda G. Alvarado Donna de Varona Gertrude Ederle Martha Matilda Harper Patricia Roberts Harris Stephanie L. Kwolek Dorothea Lange Mildred Robbins Leet Patsy Takemoto Mink Sacagawea Anne Sullivan Sheila E. Widnall 2005 Florence E. Allen Ruth Fulton Benedict Betty Bumpers Hillary Clinton Rita Rossi Colwell Mother Marianne Cope Maya Y. Lin Patricia A. Locke Blanche Stuart Scott Mary Burnett Talbert 2007 Eleanor K. Baum Julia Child Martha Coffin Pelham Wright Swanee Hunt Winona LaDuke Elisabeth Kübler-Ross Judith L. Pipher Catherine Filene Shouse Henrietta Szold 2009 Louise Bourgeois Mildred Cohn Karen DeCrow Susan Kelly-Dreiss Allie B. Latimer Emma Lazarus Ruth Patrick Rebecca Talbot Perkins Susan Solomon Kate Stoneman 2010–20192011 St. Katharine Drexel Dorothy Harrison Eustis Loretta C. Ford Abby Kelley Foster Helen Murray Free Billie Holiday Coretta Scott King Lilly Ledbetter Barbara A. Mikulski Donna E. Shalala Kathrine Switzer 2013 Betty Ford Ina May Gaskin Julie Krone Kate Millett Nancy Pelosi Mary Joseph Rogers Bernice Sandler Anna Schwartz Emma Willard 2015 Tenley Albright Nancy Brinker Martha Graham Marcia Greenberger Barbara Iglewski Jean Kilbourne Carlotta Walls LaNier Philippa Marrack Mary Harriman Rumsey Eleanor Smeal 2017 Matilda Cuomo Temple Grandin Lorraine Hansberry Victoria Jackson Sherry Lansing Clare Boothe Luce Aimee Mullins Carol Mutter Janet Rowley Alice Waters 2019 Gloria Allred Angela Davis Sarah Deer Jane Fonda Nicole Malachowski Rose O'Neill Louise Slaughter Sonia Sotomayor Laurie Spiegel Flossie Wong-Staal 2020–20292020 Aretha Franklin Barbara Hillary Barbara Rose Johns Henrietta Lacks Toni Morrison Mary Church Terrell 2022 Octavia E. Butler Judy Chicago Rebecca S. Halstead Mia Hamm Joy Harjo Emily Howland Katherine Johnson Indra Nooyi Michelle Obama vteHelen Keller's The Story of My Life (1903)Characters Anne Sullivan Helen Keller Film The Miracle Worker (1962) The Miracle Worker (1979) The Miracle Worker (2000) Black (2005) Stage The Miracle Worker (1959 play) Related The Miracle Continues The Miracle Worker vteTime 100: The Most Important People of the 20th CenturyLeaders & revolutionaries David Ben-Gurion Winston Churchill Mahatma Gandhi Mikhail Gorbachev Adolf Hitler Ho Chi Minh Pope John Paul II Ruhollah Khomeini Martin Luther King Jr. Vladimir Lenin Nelson Mandela Mao Zedong Ronald Reagan Eleanor Roosevelt Franklin D. Roosevelt Theodore Roosevelt Margaret Sanger Margaret Thatcher Unknown Tiananmen Square rebel Lech Wałęsa Artists & entertainers Louis Armstrong Lucille Ball The Beatles Marlon Brando Coco Chanel Charlie Chaplin Le Corbusier Bob Dylan T. S. Eliot Aretha Franklin Martha Graham Jim Henson James Joyce Pablo Picasso Richard Rodgers and Oscar Hammerstein Bart Simpson Frank Sinatra Steven Spielberg Igor Stravinsky Oprah Winfrey Builders & titans Stephen Bechtel Sr. Leo Burnett Willis Carrier Walt Disney Henry Ford Bill Gates Amadeo Giannini Ray Kroc Estée Lauder William Levitt Lucky Luciano Louis B. Mayer Charles E. Merrill Akio Morita Walter Reuther Pete Rozelle David Sarnoff Juan Trippe Sam Walton Thomas J. Watson Jr. Scientists & thinkers Leo Baekeland Tim Berners-Lee Rachel Carson Albert Einstein Philo Farnsworth Enrico Fermi Alexander Fleming Sigmund Freud Robert H. Goddard Kurt Gödel Edwin Hubble John Maynard Keynes Leakey family Jean Piaget Jonas Salk William Shockley Alan Turing Francis Crick & James Watson Ludwig Wittgenstein Wright brothers Heroes & icons Muhammad Ali The American G.I. Lady Diana Spencer Anne Frank Billy Graham Che Guevara Edmund Hillary & Tenzing Norgay Helen Keller Kennedy family Bruce Lee Charles Lindbergh Harvey Milk Marilyn Monroe Emmeline Pankhurst Rosa Parks Pelé Jackie Robinson Andrei Sakharov Mother Teresa Bill W. Portals: Biography History Politics Socialism Alabama Massachusetts United States Helen Keller at Wikipedia's sister projects:Definitions from WiktionaryMedia from CommonsQuotations from WikiquoteTexts from WikisourceResources from WikiversityData from Wikidata Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF National Norway Chile Spain France BnF data Catalonia Germany Italy Israel Finland United States Sweden Latvia Japan Czech Republic Australia Greece Korea Croatia Netherlands Poland Portugal Academics CiNii People Deutsche Biographie Trove Other NARA SNAC 2 IdRef