Solving Biology's Mysteries with Plants (Science Out Loud S2 Ep2) - By MITK12Videos
Transcript
| 00:0-1 | Paclitaxel is a compound that can treat cancer . Salicylic | |
| 00:03 | acid reduces headaches and fevers . Carotenoids can turn your | |
| 00:07 | skin orange and miraculous changes your sense of taste . | |
| 00:10 | What do all of these awesome compounds have in common | |
| 00:14 | ? They all come from plans . More than 100,000 | |
| 00:28 | natural compounds occur in plants and we barely explored them | |
| 00:33 | . These small molecules are called metabolites , just like | |
| 00:36 | how all the DNA in an organism forms the genome | |
| 00:39 | . All of the metabolites formed the metabolism . Even | |
| 00:42 | though each metabolite can be made from only six elements | |
| 00:45 | , there are so many possibilities that it would take | |
| 00:48 | scientists thousands of years to make each one and figure | |
| 00:51 | out its usefulness . Luckily plants have already done this | |
| 00:55 | for us . Plants have the disadvantage of being rooted | |
| 00:59 | to the ground . So over time they've trial and | |
| 01:02 | aired making lots of compounds to see which ones help | |
| 01:06 | them survive and thrive best . And because they've been | |
| 01:09 | interacting with other species like us for hundreds of thousands | |
| 01:12 | of years , some of their chemicals turn out to | |
| 01:15 | be really useful both inside and outside our bodies . | |
| 01:19 | But to use plans to their full potential , we | |
| 01:21 | have to know what chemicals they make and how they | |
| 01:24 | make them . Instead of studying every chemical one x | |
| 01:26 | 1 . What if we could study all of them | |
| 01:29 | at once . We could start by mapping the huge | |
| 01:32 | network that connects metabolites in any living organism . Molecules | |
| 01:36 | are always on the move , being converted and shuttle | |
| 01:39 | decomposed and built back up again and greased . It's | |
| 01:42 | just like nobody system accepted biology . The people are | |
| 01:46 | the chemicals and the train is the enzyme that converts | |
| 01:49 | and moves them . Mhm . If you look at | |
| 01:52 | a city from above , how could you map the | |
| 01:54 | whole subway system ? Similarly , if we look at | |
| 01:58 | a plant , how can we figure out the entire | |
| 02:00 | metabolism network to figure out a path in the system | |
| 02:04 | ? What we actually need to do is break it | |
| 02:07 | . If we mutate or disrupt a pathway and see | |
| 02:09 | how the metabolite quantities change , we can figure out | |
| 02:12 | the connections between them , let's say the train from | |
| 02:15 | central to MITt breaks . We wouldn't see students arriving | |
| 02:19 | at MIT and would instead see them building up at | |
| 02:21 | central , but not only that anyone else traveling along | |
| 02:25 | the red line would also be affected . So it's | |
| 02:28 | the redistribution of people which reveals the red line subway | |
| 02:31 | path and tells us where the train broke . We | |
| 02:35 | can use this systems thinking to uncover the plant metabolite | |
| 02:38 | network . For example , we know about a compound | |
| 02:41 | called Cinema Mill which protects the plant from UV damage | |
| 02:44 | by interacting with UV light , making the plant glow | |
| 02:47 | green . But without it the plant would glow red | |
| 02:51 | . So if we see a red plant , it's | |
| 02:53 | like seeing no people at the cinema My late station | |
| 02:56 | . But we wouldn't yet know where the train broke | |
| 02:58 | or what other stations are along the route . To | |
| 03:01 | do that . We can mutate a lot of the | |
| 03:03 | seeds . Plant them and choose the red one , | |
| 03:08 | mm hmm . Now we can analyze these samples by | |
| 03:15 | using the mass spectrometer . It measures how much of | |
| 03:21 | each metabolite is present in the sample . Then we | |
| 03:24 | can use a program to see which compounds were affected | |
| 03:27 | and map that part of the network . It's like | |
| 03:29 | revealing the red line . Once we figure out how | |
| 03:33 | the entire metabolism works , we can use it to | |
| 03:35 | engineer plants to create new bio materials , medicines and | |
| 03:38 | clean energy . We might even discover the plants have | |
| 03:41 | the secret to living forever . We just need to | |
| 03:44 | unlock their chemical mysteries . |
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