Revolutions in Science and Tech: Crash Course European History #44 - Free Educational videos for Students in K-12

Revolutions in Science and Tech: Crash Course European History #44 - By CrashCourse

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00:0-1	Hi , I'm john green and this is crash course
00:01	european history . So the roller coaster of european and
00:04	world history continued its uneven path after World War Two
00:07	, yielding the Cold War and the hot wars of
00:10	decolonization , but also longer , healthier and more secure
00:14	human lives . Much of these positive changes were driven
00:18	by tremendous , really unprecedented advances in human understanding in
00:22	the fields of biology , communication , energy creation ,
00:26	Space , technology and especially medicine . Here's just one
00:30	example of the kinds of dramatic changes in everyday life
00:33	I'm talking about . In 1941 , a British policeman
00:36	named Albert , Alexander was dying of a minor scratch
00:40	that had become majorly infected with staphylococcus bacteria . But
00:45	then Alexander was treated with a new drug called penicillin
00:49	. He experienced a remarkable recovery but there wasn't enough
00:53	penicillin available in the world to continue his treatment .
00:58	So his infection came back and he died a few
01:01	months later . Within just five years of alexander's death
01:05	, there was enough penicillin available to treat not just
01:07	one individual , but millions of people every year .
01:18	Yeah , 1952 . During their work in Cambridge .
01:23	University laboratories scientists , Francis , crick and englishmen and
01:27	James Watson an american , discovered the structure of deoxyribonucleic
01:32	acid . DNA . A . Is the material in
01:34	a cell's chromosomes that carries hereditary information . Now ,
01:38	according to Watson's personal account in the double helix from
01:42	1968 , They did rely upon and steal the essential
01:46	findings of female colleague Rosalind Franklin and did other dishonest
01:50	acts to arrive at the theory for which they won
01:53	the Nobel Prize . You can learn more about that
01:55	in episode 40 of our history of science series .
01:57	But basically Crick and Watson traced the path of biological
02:01	inheritance when they uncovered the structure of DNA . Their
02:04	findings showed how the double helix of the DNA molecule
02:08	splits in cellular reproduction , becoming the backbone of new
02:12	cells . This genetic material biologists concluded , provides a
02:15	chemical pattern for an individual organisms life as for how
02:20	this affected everyday life . Advanced genetics and the new
02:23	field of molecular biology sparked a deeper understanding of viruses
02:26	and bacteria , which fueled the creation of vaccines that
02:30	would crush diseases like polio , mumps , measles and
02:34	tetanus . But understanding DNA also had lots of other
02:36	uses , like scientists used it to alter the makeup
02:39	of plants , for instance , to control for agricultural
02:42	pests and even to bypass natural animal reproduction in a
02:46	process called cloning , obtaining the cells of an organism
02:50	and then using them to create an exact copy in
02:52	a laboratory . Another development that vastly affected 20th century
02:56	history and beyond the birth control pill . In the
03:00	19 sixties , it slowly became available in europe and
03:03	the United States , although many countries outlawed it ,
03:06	but better access to family planning tools , reshaped families
03:09	, and also allowed women more freedom when it came
03:12	to when to have babies and when to work .
03:15	Meanwhile , new techniques also made abortion much safer than
03:18	it had been when performed by amateurs . It too
03:21	was generally outlawed at the time , but with varying
03:24	degrees of safety . Hundreds of thousands of women received
03:28	abortions . Nonetheless . Childbirth also became more medicalized ,
03:31	with very few births occurring in hospitals in the 19
03:34	twenties to more than 90% occurring in clinics . By
03:37	the 19 seventies , births attended by highly trained doctors
03:41	, nurses or midwives also improved maternal and child health
03:45	in those years , both for home births and hospital
03:48	ones . Child mortality in Sweden , for instance ,
03:51	dropped by more than 50% . Medical science likewise transformed
03:55	conception in those decades . In 1978 an english couple
03:58	gave birth to the first so called test tube baby
04:01	louise Brown in a process called in vitro fertilization .
04:05	Her mother's eggs were fertilized with her father's sperm in
04:08	a laboratory dish and then implanted in her mother's uterus
04:12	. So the revolution in biology didn't just advance wellbeing
04:16	. It created a new path to life . Information
04:19	technology also advanced , allowing knowledge and culture and political
04:23	information to be transmitted globally And nearly instantaneously . Once
04:28	remote villages were linked to urban capitals on the other
04:31	side of the world , thanks to video cassettes ,
04:33	satellite tv and telecommunications . This also meant that local
04:37	protests could become worldwide media events . Let's go to
04:41	the thought bubble . Between the mid 19 fifties and
04:43	the mid 19 seventies , Europeans rapidly adopted television as
04:48	an entertainment and communications medium . In 1954 just 1%
04:52	of french households had television . By 1974 almost 80%
04:57	did tv viewership may have lagged a bit in the
04:59	soviet union , but only a bit in a rural
05:02	area of the USSR . More than 70% of inhabitants
05:05	watch television regularly in the late 19 seventies . With
05:09	travel restricted in the soviet union , shows about foreign
05:12	lands were particularly popular . The average tv viewer tuned
05:16	in for about 4.5 hours a day . The audience
05:20	for newspapers and theater declined . We devote more hours
05:23	per year to television than to any other single artifact
05:27	one professor claimed in 1969 , which was true for
05:31	a long time . But then Tiktok , as with
05:33	radio , european government supported television broadcasting with tax dollars
05:38	and that meant they also controlled programming . They wanted
05:41	to avoid what they saw as the inferior offerings of
05:44	american tv . Instead , they featured drama and ballet
05:48	and concerts and variety shows and news and other stuff
05:52	that's boring while we were watching good stuff like he
05:55	hall . But at any rate , through those means
05:56	, the european welfare state gained influence on daily life
06:00	. It literally shaped what people saw . Heads of
06:03	state could also preempt regular programming . In the 19
06:06	sixties , french president Charles de Gaulle appeared frequently on
06:09	television , rousing patriotism with dramatic gestures during his speeches
06:14	. And in time politicians came to depend on media
06:16	experts as much as they did on economic and political
06:20	experts . Thanks thought bubble . We did it .
06:22	We got from Tiktok to he ha and a single
06:24	thought bubble . Let's move on to satellites . The
06:26	emergence of communication satellites and video recorders in the 19
06:29	sixties allowed audiences to enjoy broadcasts from all over the
06:34	globe , including sports soap operas , game shows and
06:37	sitcoms dubbed into many languages . By the early 19
06:40	nineties , video cassette recordings of Liverpool football club matches
06:44	were even making their way to boarding schools in Alabama
06:47	, where a young john green fell in love for
06:50	the very first time . Then there was the computer
06:52	which reshaped work in science , defense and ultimately industry
06:56	. The colossus used by the british in 1943 to
07:00	crack Nazi military and diplomatic messages was the size of
07:04	a gymnasium . By the 1980s computing machines were the
07:07	size of a small carry on bag . They also
07:10	became unbelievably more powerful and less expensive , thanks to
07:15	tiny silicon chips that could execute millions of operations per
07:18	second . In 1981 the french phone company invented a
07:22	network called the Mini Tell , which predated the World
07:25	Wide Web . It allowed people to make reservations online
07:28	, but also to meet others socially and romantically .
07:32	So if you feel weird or uncomfortable for having met
07:34	your romantic partner on the internet , don't . We've
07:36	been doing that since the eighties . Dramatic change also
07:39	occurred within the space race between the United States and
07:42	the soviet Union , which was made possible by computers
07:45	and rocketry . The contest began when the Soviets launched
07:48	the satellite Sputnik in 1957 . The superpowers went on
07:52	to competitively send up flights that tested humans ability to
07:55	survive the process of space exploration , including weightlessness ,
07:59	astronauts walked in space endured weeks and later months in
08:03	orbit , docked with other craft , fixed satellites and
08:06	carried out experiments for the military and private industry .
08:10	Additionally , a series of unmanned rockets launched weather in
08:14	television and intelligence and other communications satellites into orbit around
08:18	the Earth . And then in july 1969 U .
08:21	S . Astronauts Neil armstrong and Buzz Aldrin walked on
08:24	the moon's surface to the astonishment of millions of television
08:28	viewers And indeed to the astonishment of your crash course
08:32	host today , we made it to the moon .
08:35	We are a to orb species . It was a
08:38	space race . So of course there was competition .
08:41	But space ventures also necessitated global cooperation from the 1960s
08:46	on us space flights often involved the participation of other
08:49	countries 1965 . An international consortium achieved the first commercial
08:54	communications satellite intelsat . But even if global cooperation was
08:58	increasing , there was still plenty of mutual distrust because
09:02	like 50% of satellites were devoted to spying . The
09:06	space race also created heroes tops among them cosmonaut ,
09:09	yuri gagarin , the first human in space , and
09:12	Valentina Tereshkova , the first woman in space . Leisure
09:15	activities , including toys and games often focused on space
09:19	. The film 2000 and one , a space odyssey
09:21	inspired by a story by british science fiction writer Arthur
09:24	C . Clarke portrayed space explorers pondering life's meaning as
09:28	religious leaders once had the same could be said to
09:31	a certain extent of star trek or polish authors Stanislaw
09:34	Lem's fantasy novel Solaris , which also later became a
09:37	movie and also featured space age individuals searching for life's
09:42	meaning . This all gets at something else that was
09:44	happening in europe and around the world in the 20th
09:47	century . That was really important . A new search
09:50	for meaning , especially as long standing ideas about meaning
09:54	began to feel less relevant to many In 1954 out
09:58	of five , Britain said they were christian in 2016
10:01	. Just two out of five did with a slight
10:04	majority identifying as having no religion . So to what
10:08	will we turn to worship perhaps nuclear power ? I
10:11	mean , it's extremely powerful , a little bit terrifying
10:14	, quite mysterious , at least to those of us
10:16	who didn't get great science educations . So yes ,
10:19	nations were also seeking out new sources of power ,
10:22	literally Including nuclear power . The USSR built the world's
10:26	first civilian nuclear power station in the town of Obninsk
10:29	in 1954 , Britain and the United States soon followed
10:33	suit during the 1960s and 70s , civilian use of
10:36	nuclear power multiplied a hundredfold , not to mention expanding
10:40	military use in nuclear-powered submarines and aircraft carriers . Because
10:44	of the vast costs and complex procedures involved in building
10:47	, supplying , running and safeguarding nuclear reactors , governments
10:51	provided substantial aid or even finance nuclear power plants entirely
10:56	. The USSR sponsored plants throughout the soviet bloc as
10:59	part of the drive to modernize , but it wasn't
11:02	alone . Western nations also funded nuclear power . These
11:05	changes were so revolutionary that for ordinary people , the
11:08	idea of work became different european and Western countries started
11:13	to become post industrial . That is emphasizing jobs in
11:16	services like health care , research education , while keeping
11:20	a presence in industrial work work on average , became
11:23	less physically onerous while demanding a different range of technical
11:27	and emotional skills . As parts of the economy became
11:30	more interconnected skills and complex analysis became more important than
11:35	ever into the 21st century , and this is one
11:37	of many places where history can be very important to
11:40	you in your professional life . As our curriculum consultant
11:43	, Kathy pointed out to me recently , the question
11:46	isn't just how to build a bridge , it's where
11:50	to build a bridge . Where to build a bridge
11:52	is partly a historical question , as are other ,
11:55	extremely complex questions , like , should we get into
11:58	this war ? So please study history because I need
12:02	you to make smart choices about that stuff . Another
12:04	important development in the second half of the 20th century
12:07	was increased cross border economic cooperation in europe , for
12:11	instance , a consortium of european firms created the Airbus
12:14	a suite of passenger jets . As a result of
12:17	cooperation among governments , businesses and scientists , increasingly european
12:21	workers were themselves also crossing national borders as work life
12:26	and living conditions became cleaner , less dangerous and often
12:29	employees , whether they were flight attendants or telephone based
12:32	, customer service reps cared for the psychological well being
12:36	of their customers , which was another big change .
12:39	By 1969 there were more service sector employees than manufacturing
12:43	workers , 48.8% versus 41.1% in Sweden growth in educational
12:49	facilities was also crucial to all aspects of post war
12:53	science and technology , which demanded an increasingly well trained
12:57	workforce . Between 1950 1969 the number of university students
13:01	in West Germany rose by about 250% . In Sweden
13:05	580% great Britain established technical universities to encourage practical research
13:11	while France created schools to develop future experts in administration
13:16	. The soviet scientific establishment expanded across europe courses in
13:20	information technology and systems analysis and overall management , developed
13:26	the skills essential to post industrial work . And all
13:29	this meant big life changes for young people and their
13:32	families . More women worked to support the costs of
13:35	economically dependent Children who now stayed in school a decade
13:39	or more longer than they had a century before .
13:41	And so overall the average life was longer and healthier
13:45	and better educated . But it's important to note that
13:48	those changes were not equally experienced by all . In
13:52	18 20 when the english poet john Keats first coughed
13:55	up blood , he told a friend That drop of
13:58	blood is my death warrant and it was , he
14:01	died of tuberculosis a year later , at the age
14:03	of 25 . By 1950 , tuberculosis was no longer
14:07	a death warrant , and by 1990 it seemed at
14:10	least to many wealthy people in Western Europe like a
14:13	disease of the past . But even in 2015 ,
14:16	there were over 300,000 new cases of tuberculosis annually in
14:21	Europe And over 30,000 European deaths from tuberculosis . When
14:26	looking at the history of medicine or science or technology
14:29	, we often focus on what we discover is possible
14:32	. We focus on changes in what humans can do
14:35	But what we can do , like for instance ,
14:38	cure tuberculosis and many other diseases in nearly 100% of
14:42	cases is not always what we actually do . Thanks
14:47	for watching . I'll see you next time . Thanks
14:49	for watching Crash Course , which is filmed here in
14:50	the jaden smith Studios in Indianapolis . And thanks to
14:53	everyone at patreon dot com slash crash course for making
14:57	it possible . We have many other crash courses ,
14:59	including crash courses about the history of science . If
15:02	you're into this kind of stuff , thanks again for
15:04	watching . And , as they say , in my
15:05	hometown , don't forget to be awesome .

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