Language Acquisition: Crash Course Linguistics #12 - Free Educational videos for Students in K-12

Language Acquisition: Crash Course Linguistics #12 - By Math and Science

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00:0-1	Hi , I'm taylor and welcome to crash chris linguistics
00:02	. What was your first word ? Maybe it was
00:04	mama or dada or some other family name . Poor
00:07	dog or ta for thank you . I've been told
00:10	my first word was dad a So I was a
00:12	super original baby before a child says their first word
00:15	. They've already had to learn lots of other language
00:18	stuff . Babies need fine motor skills to control their
00:21	mouth and hands and their vocal tract isn't even the
00:23	right shape for making human speech when they're tiny .
00:26	There's also a lot that has to happen in the
00:28	brain before the first words . This is why it
00:30	takes around a year for a baby to say their
00:32	first word . But you can leave your first lesson
00:34	in a new language with half a dozen words in
00:37	this episode . We'll learn about language acquisition both when
00:40	we're young and as we get older . Yeah .
00:45	Mhm . Learning the language isn't like learning that the
00:55	moon orbits the Earth one fast and you're done instead
00:58	. It's many , many tasks across all levels of
01:01	language . Fin ology , morphology , syntax semantics and
01:05	so much more . There's a longstanding distinction and the
01:08	research between the study of child language acquisition and adult
01:12	language acquisition . Some linguists think that these happened by
01:14	entirely different processes and some think that they're almost the
01:18	same process with some tweaks . We'll learn about both
01:21	. Let's start in the wound By 30 weeks in
01:23	the womb . You can feel physical sound waves through
01:26	the amniotic fluid . It's a bit like listening to
01:28	the radio with your head underwater , picking up the
01:31	overall intonation rather than specific words . Shortly after birth
01:35	, babies are more interested in language sounds than non
01:37	language sounds . They also pay more attention to the
01:40	voice of the person who just stated them and people
01:43	who speak the same language than to other voices and
01:46	languages . Not long after that , babies with sign
01:48	language around them pay more attention to signs , babies
01:51	are great at tuning into language . Of course we
01:54	can't ask a baby . Hey , what do you
01:56	think about these two words instead ? Studies of infants
01:59	make use of one simple fact , babies pay a
02:02	bit more attention when they notice something new . We
02:04	can tell if a baby is paying attention . Using
02:07	a method called high amplitude sucking babies suck faster on
02:11	pacifiers when they're interested and slower when they're bored .
02:14	So if you give a baby a pacifier with a
02:16	sensor in it and then play bah bah bah bah
02:19	bah over and over again , they'll eventually get bored
02:22	and slow down . If you switch the audio from
02:24	baa baa baa two pa pa pa , the baby
02:27	starts sucking faster again . That's how we know they
02:30	can hear a difference between those two sounds . They've
02:33	learned phone ease . Also , if a baby has
02:35	typical hearing , they can distinguish between any two sounds
02:38	that are relevant for any spoken language up until about
02:42	6 to 12 months around that age , babies lose
02:45	the ability to distinguish between sounds that aren't relevant for
02:48	any languages they're exposed to , which helps them pay
02:51	attention only to the parts that are important . After
02:53	babies begin to figure out how their hands and mouths
02:56	work , they start babbling , babbling is what you
02:59	might think of as classic baby talk . Long repetitive
03:03	sequences of nonsense syllables , babies who are exposed to
03:06	sign languages whether they're deaf or hearing . Children of
03:09	deaf adults also babbled by making reduced versions of signs
03:12	. The kids the way that older people address Children
03:15	is called child directed speech . In some cultures ,
03:18	child directed speech is very distinct from the kind directed
03:22	at people one's own age . In other cultures they're
03:25	more similar , but in both cases , kids learn
03:28	language , just kids generally say their first word or
03:30	two around one year of age . There's a lot
03:33	of variation in this age though , and it depends
03:35	on how eager the adults are . Easy syllables like
03:38	mama nana baba papa data and to to our names
03:42	for family members in many unrelated languages suggesting that a
03:46	lot of people want their babies babbles to be meaningful
03:49	even if you're more cautious . However , eventually toddlers
03:52	are definitely in the one word phase when a child
03:54	systematically uses one word plus one gesture , such as
03:58	grabbing and saying cookie to indicate they want a cookie
04:01	. It means they're almost in the two word phase
04:04	where they'll say want cookie . These milestones might not
04:06	get the spotlight on social media , but they mark
04:09	real progress in language acquisition . Let's visit the thought
04:12	bubble to see some more language learning in action .
04:15	Are you ready to do a linguistics experiment ? Okay
04:18	, this is a lug . Now there's another one
04:22	. There are two of them . There are two
04:24	. If you said wags , congratulations you're doing as
04:28	well as a toddler requiring english . Before the one
04:31	test was introduced , many researchers hypothesized that Children learn
04:35	language by mimicking the people around them and it's true
04:38	that input is important . But one Uggs are imaginary
04:41	creatures that Children have never encountered before and yet they
04:44	still know how to form the plural of them .
04:46	This shows that kids must have figured out generalizations or
04:50	rules about how language works without ever being taught them
04:54	rules that they can also apply to new words .
04:56	The one test was created in 1958 by jean Berko
05:00	Gleason along with a host of other imaginary creatures like
05:03	lungs tours and Gutches . Kids can deduce for themselves
05:06	how to fit all of them into a sentence just
05:09	like you do when you learn or make up a
05:11	new word . Kids don't just absorb language verbatim from
05:13	older people around them the way that you might download
05:16	the full text of a dictionary onto your phone .
05:18	We each figure it out and reconstructed as a system
05:21	inside our heads . That's how language changes each generation
05:25	. Thanks thought , bubble language acquisition doesn't happen in
05:27	a straight line of improvement . Children can learn a
05:30	rule and then over extended . A very young child
05:33	might say went and then learn the rule that past
05:36	tense is shown with the morphine , ed like with
05:38	danced and jumped . Then the child might go from
05:41	saying went to goad . It looks like they're going
05:45	backwards , but they've actually learned a new rule .
05:47	But in general , Children follow a similar set of
05:50	milestones within a range of ages , from paying attention
05:53	and babbling all the way up to levels of double
05:55	meaning tact and formal situations . These milestones are why
05:59	linguists often talk about a critical period when it comes
06:02	to learning language for the first time . However ,
06:05	linguists are still debating about exactly how long the critical
06:08	period lasts . Since we learn different parts of language
06:11	at different times . Our ear for sounds is established
06:14	pretty early , but complicated features like relative clauses take
06:17	several years to learn and we learn new words .
06:20	Our whole lives exposure to at least one language and
06:23	infancy provides the foundation that lets you acquire more advanced
06:27	language skills and additional languages later in life . Of
06:29	course , it would be highly unethical to deliberately raise
06:32	a child without language for research . But some unfortunate
06:36	real life situations have given linguists insight into the critical
06:39	period . For instance , when deaf babies are raised
06:42	with access to assigned language from a very young age
06:45	, they follow the same developmental stages as they're hearing
06:47	peers from that solid foundation of language they have complete
06:51	access to , they can learn further languages , including
06:54	spoken or written language . But because of prejudice against
06:57	deaf people , some deaf babies are raised without a
07:00	signed language and taught only spoken language that they can't
07:03	fully access . Many don't start learning assigned language until
07:06	later childhood adolescence or adulthood , and their earlier language
07:09	deprivation results in cognitive difficulties for the remainder of their
07:12	lives . But as long as Children are exposed to
07:15	an accessible language , they do a great job with
07:17	multiple languages . In fact , there's no cognitive limit
07:21	to how many languages a child can learn during the
07:23	critical period . So if a family lives in Malaysia
07:25	and one of the parents also speaks Russian , their
07:28	child will easily learn both parents languages . And if
07:31	they move to Mexico when she's in preschool , she'll
07:34	pick up spanish to the situation is more varied when
07:37	it comes to learning additional languages at later ages .
07:40	On the one hand , we can learn a 2nd
07:42	3rd or more languages by scaffolding off of languages we
07:46	already know and our teachers can use our existing language
07:49	to explain things . That's why you don't see older
07:52	language learners babbling for a year in italian classes before
07:55	figuring out that mom is mama plus we've developed are
07:58	fine motor skills and it's way faster to learn how
08:00	to read in a new language . If you've already
08:02	learned in a language , you know , on the
08:04	other hand , the grammar of your existing languages can
08:07	also influence your learning . If you're an english speaker
08:10	learning to say purple Rabbit in italian , you might
08:12	have a tough time remembering that in italian it's rabbit
08:15	purple when your existing language skills influence the learning process
08:19	in a new language . This is known as language
08:21	transfer and babies are lucky they just get to lie
08:24	around all day and learn language and have other people
08:27	take care of them as we get older we have
08:30	other priorities . So like with any skill we're going
08:33	to learn different amounts depending on how much time we
08:35	spend practicing , luckily there are some things that help
08:38	adult language learners . The first is motivation to want
08:41	to learn the language . The second is that it
08:43	fits with your larger identity and goals . You might
08:46	really want to learn japanese to watch your favorite anime
08:49	but never make it through an exercise workbook . If
08:52	your teacher gave you animate translation , exercises your motivation
08:55	and goals would line up more and make you way
08:58	more likely to finish the class . There are many
09:00	different ways to learn a language learning one language at
09:03	home and a second through formal schooling as the path
09:05	that's overrepresented in the research , but actually an anomaly
09:09	both in the world today and across human history .
09:11	Instead , many people start learning another language in mid
09:14	to late childhood or adolescence . Outside of formal schooling
09:17	, People who learn and retain multiple languages are bi
09:21	or multi lingual . Some people use different languages in
09:23	different domains like at home versus at work or with
09:27	friends versus in public . In fact , they might
09:29	end up with domain specific vocabulary words that they only
09:32	know in one language . Maybe you're multi lingual ,
09:34	but you can only read one of the languages you
09:36	speak . Or maybe you grew up with the language
09:38	that you understand , but you can't speak easily ,
09:41	which is known as receptive bi or multilingualism . In
09:44	contrast , other Multilingual people might be around others with
09:47	the same set of languages and constantly mix and move
09:49	between them , which is a type of code switching
09:52	, just as there are many languages in the world
09:54	, there are many ways to be multi lingual .
09:56	One of those ways involves knowing a heritage language ,
09:58	which is a broad term for any language that you
10:01	have a family connection to . That isn't also the
10:03	dominant language of your current community . It may be
10:06	a language that you still know quite well , a
10:08	language you have some knowledge of , or an ancestral
10:11	language that you haven't been connected with for several generations
10:14	. Some people lose touch with the heritage language because
10:16	their parents were pressured implicitly or explicitly not to speak
10:20	it with them . But research has now shown that
10:22	it's actually great for kids to grow up with several
10:24	languages , regardless of how or at what age you
10:27	do it . Learning languages is a great way of
10:30	understanding more about how language works and being able to
10:34	connect with more people . See you next time when
10:36	we cover how languages change over time . Thanks for
10:39	watching this episode of crash chris linguistics . If you
10:41	want to help keep all crash course free for everybody
10:44	forever , you can join our community on Patreon .

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