North and South

- By Elizabeth Cleghorn Gaskell
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English novelist, biographer, and short story writer (1810–1865) Elizabeth GaskellElizabeth Gaskell: 1832 miniature by William John ThomsonBornElizabeth Cleghorn Stevenson(1810-09-29)29 September 1810Chelsea, London, EnglandDied12 November 1865(1865-11-12) (aged 55)Holybourne, Hampshire, EnglandOccupationNovelistPeriod1848–1865Spouse William Gaskell ​(m. 1832)​Children5 Elizabeth Cleghorn Gaskell (née Stevenson; 29 September 1810 – 12 November 1865), often referred to as Mrs Gaskell, was an English novelist, biographer, and short story writer. Her novels offer a detailed portrait of the lives of many strata of Victorian society, including the very poor. Her first novel, Mary Barton, was published in 1848. Gaskell's The Life of Charlotte Brontë, published in 1857, was the first biography of Charlotte Brontë. In this biography, she wrote only of the moral, sophisticated things in Brontë's life; the rest she omitted, deciding certain, more salacious aspects were better kept hidden. Among Gaskell's best known novels are Cranford (1851–1853), North and South (1854–1855), and Wives and Daughters (1864–1866), all of which were adapted for television by the BBC. Early life[edit] Gaskell was born Elizabeth Cleghorn Stevenson on 29 September 1810 in Lindsey Row, Chelsea, London, now 93 Cheyne Walk.[1] The doctor who delivered her was Anthony Todd Thomson, whose sister Catherine later became Gaskell's stepmother.[2] She was the youngest of eight children; only she and her brother John survived infancy. Her father, William Stevenson, a Unitarian from Berwick-upon-Tweed, was minister at Failsworth, Lancashire, but resigned his orders on conscientious grounds. He moved to London in 1806 on the understanding that he would be appointed private secretary to the Earl of Lauderdale, who was to become Governor General of India. That position did not materialise, however, and Stevenson was nominated Keeper of the Treasury Records.[citation needed] His wife, Elizabeth Holland, came from a family established in Lancashire and Cheshire that was connected with other prominent Unitarian families, including the Wedgwoods, the Martineaus, the Turners and the Darwins. When she died 13 months after giving birth to Gaskell,[3] her husband sent the baby to live with Elizabeth's sister, Hannah Lumb, in Knutsford, Cheshire.[4] Her father remarried to Catherine Thomson, in 1814. They had a son, William, in 1815, and a daughter, Catherine, in 1816. Although Elizabeth spent several years without seeing her father, to whom she was devoted, her older brother John often visited her in Knutsford. John was destined for the Royal Navy from an early age, like his grandfathers and uncles, but he did not obtain preferment into the Service and had to join the Merchant Navy with the East India Company's fleet.[5] John went missing in 1827 during an expedition to India.[6] Character and influences[edit] Much of Elizabeth's childhood was spent in Cheshire, where she lived with her aunt Hannah Lumb in Knutsford, the town she immortalized as Cranford. They lived in a large red-brick house called The Heath (now Heathwaite).[7][8] Elizabeth grew to be a beautiful young woman, well-groomed, tidily dressed, kind, gentle, and considerate of others. Her temperament was calm and collected, joyous and innocent, she revelled in the simplicity of rural life.[9] From 1821 to 1826 she attended a school in Warwickshire run by the Misses Byerley, first at Barford and from 1824 at Avonbank outside Stratford-on-Avon,[3] where she received the traditional education in arts, the classics, decorum and propriety given to young ladies from relatively wealthy families at the time. Her aunts gave her the classics to read, and she was encouraged by her father in her studies and writing. Her brother John sent her modern books, and descriptions of his life at sea and his experiences abroad.[10] After leaving school at the age of 16, Elizabeth travelled to London to spend time with her Holland cousins.[10] She also spent some time in Newcastle upon Tyne (with the Rev William Turner's family) and from there made the journey to Edinburgh. Her stepmother's brother was the miniature artist William John Thomson, who in 1832 painted her portrait (see top right). A bust was sculpted by David Dunbar at the same time.[10] Married life and writing career[edit] Elizabeth Gaskell: 1851 portrait by George Richmond On 30 August 1832 Elizabeth married Unitarian minister William Gaskell, in Knutsford. They spent their honeymoon in North Wales, staying with her uncle, Samuel Holland, at Plas-yn-Penrhyn near Porthmadog.[11] The Gaskells then settled in Manchester, where William was the minister at Cross Street Unitarian Chapel and longest-serving Chair of the Portico Library. Manchester's industrial surroundings and books borrowed from the library influenced Elizabeth's writing in the industrial genre. Their first daughter was stillborn in 1833. Their other children were Marianne (1834), Margaret Emily, known as Meta (1837), Florence Elizabeth (1842), and Julia Bradford (1846). Marianne and Meta boarded at the private school conducted by Rachel Martineau, sister of Harriet, a close friend of Elizabeth.[12] Florence married Charles Crompton, a barrister and Liberal politician, in 1863.[3] In March 1835 Gaskell began a diary documenting the development of her daughter Marianne: she explored parenthood, the values she placed on her role as a mother; her faith, and, later, relations between Marianne and her sister, Meta. In 1836 she co-authored with her husband a cycle of poems, Sketches among the Poor, which was published in Blackwood's Magazine in January 1837. In 1840 William Howitt published Visits to Remarkable Places containing a contribution entitled Clopton Hall by "A Lady", the first work written and published solely by her. In April 1840 Howitt published The Rural Life of England, which included a second work titled Notes on Cheshire Customs.[3] In July 1841, the Gaskells travelled to Belgium and Germany. German literature came to have a strong influence on her short stories, the first of which she published in 1847 as Libbie Marsh's Three Eras, in Howitt's Journal, under the pseudonym "Cotton Mather Mills". But other influences including Adam Smith's Social Politics enabled a much wider understanding of the cultural milieu in which her works were set. Her second story printed under the pseudonym was The Sexton's Hero. And she made her last use of it in 1848, with the publication of her story Christmas Storms and Sunshine.[citation needed] For some 20 years beginning in 1843, the Gaskells took holidays at Silverdale on Morecambe Bay, and in particular stayed at Lindeth Tower.[13][14] Daughters Meta and Julia later built a house, "The Shieling", in Silverdale.[15] A son, William, (1844–45), died in infancy, and this tragedy was the catalyst for Gaskell's first novel, Mary Barton. It was ready for publication in October 1848,[3] shortly before they made the move south. It was an enormous success, selling thousands of copies. Ritchie called it a "great and remarkable sensation." It was praised by Thomas Carlyle and Maria Edgeworth. She brought the teeming slums of manufacturing in Manchester alive to readers as yet unacquainted with crowded narrow alleyways. Her obvious depth of feeling was evident, while her turn of phrase and description was described as the greatest since Jane Austen.[16] In 1850, the Gaskells moved to a villa at 84 Plymouth Grove.[17] She took her cow with her. For exercise, she would happily walk three miles to help another person in distress. In Manchester, Elizabeth wrote her remaining literary works, while her husband held welfare committees and tutored the poor in his study. The Gaskells' social circle included writers, journalists, religious dissenters, and social reformers such as William and Mary Howitt and Harriet Martineau. Poets, patrons of literature and writers such as Lord Houghton, Charles Dickens and John Ruskin visited Plymouth Grove, as did the American writers Harriet Beecher Stowe and Charles Eliot Norton, while the conductor Charles Hallé, who lived close by, taught piano to one of their daughters. Elizabeth's friend Charlotte Brontë stayed there three times, and on one occasion hid behind the drawing room curtains as she was too shy to meet the Gaskells' other visitors.[18][19] Gaskell House, Plymouth Grove, Manchester In early 1850 Gaskell wrote to Charles Dickens asking for advice about assisting a girl named Pasley whom she had visited in prison. Pasley provided her with a model for the title character of Ruth in 1853. Lizzie Leigh was published in March and April 1850, in the first numbers of Dickens's journal Household Words, in which many of her works were to be published, including Cranford and North and South, her novella My Lady Ludlow, and short stories.[citation needed] In June 1855, Patrick Brontë asked Gaskell to write a biography of his daughter Charlotte, and The Life of Charlotte Brontë was published in 1857. This played a significant role in developing Gaskell's own literary career.[3] In the biography, Gaskell chose to focus more on Brontë as a woman than as a writer of Romantic fiction.[20] In 1859 Gaskell travelled to Whitby to gather material for Sylvia's Lovers, which was published in 1863. Her novella Cousin Phyllis was serialized in The Cornhill Magazine from November 1863 to February 1864. The serialization of her last novel, Wives and Daughters, began in August 1864 in The Cornhill.[3] She died of a heart attack in 1865, while visiting a house she had purchased in Holybourne, Hampshire. Wives and Daughters was published in book form in early 1866, first in the United States and then, ten days later, in Britain.[3] Her grave is near the Brook Street Chapel, Knutsford.[citation needed] Reputation and re-evaluation[edit] Gaskell's reputation from her death to the 1950s was epitomised by Lord David Cecil's assessment in Early Victorian Novelists (1934) that she was "all woman" and "makes a creditable effort to overcome her natural deficiencies but all in vain" (quoted in Stoneman, 1987, from Cecil, p. 235). A scathing unsigned review of North and South in The Leader accused Gaskell of making errors about Lancashire which a resident of Manchester would not make and said that a woman (or clergymen and women) could not "understand industrial problems", would "know too little about the cotton industry" and had no "right to add to the confusion by writing about it".[21] Gaskell's novels, with the exception of Cranford, gradually slipped into obscurity during the late 19th century; before 1950, she was dismissed as a minor author with good judgment and "feminine" sensibilities. Archie Stanton Whitfield said her work was "like a nosegay of violets, honeysuckle, lavender, mignonette and sweet briar" in 1929.[22] Cecil (1934) said that she lacked the "masculinity" necessary to properly deal with social problems (Chapman, 1999, pp. 39–40). However, the critical tide began to turn in Gaskell's favour when, in the 1950s and 1960s, socialist critics like Kathleen Tillotson, Arnold Kettle and Raymond Williams re-evaluated the description of social and industrial problems in her novels (see Moore, 1999[23] for an elaboration), and—realising that her vision went against the prevailing views of the time—saw it as preparing the way for vocal feminist movements.[24] In the early 21st century, with Gaskell's work "enlisted in contemporary negotiations of nationhood as well as gender and class identities",[25] North and South – one of the first industrial novels describing the conflict between employers and workers – was recognized as depicting complex social conflicts and offering more satisfactory solutions through Margaret Hale: spokesperson for the author and Gaskell's most mature creation.[26] In her introduction to The Cambridge Companion to Elizabeth Gaskell (2007), a collection of essays representing the current Gaskell scholarship, Jill L. Matus stresses the author's growing stature in Victorian literary studies and how her innovative, versatile storytelling addressed the rapid changes during her lifetime.[citation needed] Literary style and themes[edit] A scene from Cranford, illustrated by Sybil Tawse. Gaskell's first novel, Mary Barton, was published anonymously in 1848. The best-known of her remaining novels are Cranford (1851–1853), North and South (1854–1855), and Wives and Daughters (1864–1866). She became popular for her writing, especially her ghost stories, aided by Charles Dickens, who published her work in his magazine Household Words. Her ghost stories are in the "Gothic" vein, making them quite distinct from her "industrial" fiction.[citation needed] Even though her writing conforms to Victorian conventions, including the use of the name "Mrs. Gaskell", she usually framed her stories as critiques of contemporary attitudes. Her early works were highly influenced by the social analysis of Thomas Carlyle and focused on factory work in the Midlands.[27] She usually emphasized the role of women, with complex narratives and realistic female characters.[28] Gaskell was influenced by the writings of Jane Austen, especially in North and South, which borrows liberally from the courtship plot of Pride and Prejudice.[29] She was an established novelist when Patrick Brontë invited her to write a biography of his daughter, though she worried, as a writer of fiction, that it would be "a difficult thing" to "be accurate and keep to the facts."[30] Her treatment of class continues to interest social historians as well as fiction readers.[31] Themes[edit] Unitarianism urges comprehension and tolerance toward all religions and even though Gaskell tried to keep her own beliefs hidden, she felt strongly about these values which permeated her works; in North and South, "Margaret the Churchwoman, her father the Dissenter, Higgins the Infidel, knelt down together. It did them no harm."[32][33] Dialect usage[edit] Gaskell's style is notable for putting local dialect words into the mouths of middle-class characters and the narrator. In North and South Margaret Hale suggests redding up (tidying) the Bouchers' house and even offers jokingly to teach her mother words such as knobstick (strike-breaker).[34] In 1854 she defended her use of dialect to express otherwise inexpressible concepts in a letter to Walter Savage Landor: ... you will remember the country people's use of the word "unked". I can't find any other word to express the exact feeling of strange unusual desolate discomfort, and I sometimes "potter" and "mither" people by using it.[34][35] She also used the dialect word "nesh" (a person who feels the cold easily or often feels cold is said to be 'nesh'), which goes back to Old English, in Mary Barton: Sit you down here: the grass is well nigh dry by this time; and you're neither of you nesh folk about taking cold.[36] also in "North and South": And I did na like to be reckoned nesh and soft,[37] and later in "The Manchester Marriage" (1858): Now, I'm not above being nesh for other folks myself. I can stand a good blow, and never change colour; but, set me in the operating-room in the Infirmary, and I turn as sick as a girl. and: At Mrs Wilson's death Norah came back to them, as a nurse to the newly-born little Edwin; into which post she was not installed without a pretty strong oration on the part of the proud and happy father; who declared that if he found out that Norah ever tried to screen the boy by falsehood, or to make him nesh either in body or mind, she should go that very day.[38] Publications[edit] Elizabeth Gaskell, c. 1860 Source:[39] Novels[edit] Mary Barton (1848) Cranford (1851–1853) Ruth (1853) North and South (1854–1855) My Lady Ludlow (1858–1859) A Dark Night's Work (1863) Sylvia's Lovers (1863) Wives and Daughters: An Everyday Story (1864–1866) Novellas and collections[edit] The Moorland Cottage (1850) Mr. Harrison's Confessions (1851) Lizzie Leigh (1855) Round the Sofa (1859) Lois the Witch (1859; 1861) Cousin Phillis (1863–1864) The Grey Woman and Other Tales (1865) Short stories[edit] "Libbie Marsh's Three Eras" (1847) "The Sexton's Hero" (1847) "Christmas Storms and Sunshine" (1848) "Hand and Heart" (1849) "Martha Preston" (1850) "The Well of Pen-Morfa" (1850) "The Heart of John Middleton" (1850) "Disappearances" (1851) "Bessy's Troubles at Home" (1852) "The Old Nurse's Story" (1852) "Cumberland Sheep-Shearers" (1853) "Morton Hall" (1853) "Traits and Stories of the Huguenots" (1853) "My French Master" (1853) "The Squire's Story" (1853) "Company Manners" (1854) "Half a Life-time Ago" (1855) "The Poor Clare" (1856) "The Doom of the Griffiths" (1858) "An Incident at Niagara Falls" (1858) "The Sin of a Father" (1858), later republished as "Right at Last" "The Manchester Marriage" (1858)[40] "The Haunted House" (1859)[41] "The Ghost in the Garden Room" (1859), later "The Crooked Branch" "The Half Brothers" (1859) "Curious If True" (1860) "The Grey Woman" (1861) "Six weeks at Heppenheim" (1862)[42] "The Cage at Cranford" (1863)[42] "How the First Floor Went to Crowley Castle" (1863), republished as "Crowley Castle"[42] "A Parson's Holiday" (1865) Non-fiction[edit] "Notes on Cheshire Customs" (1840) An Accursed Race (1855) The Life of Charlotte Brontë (1857) "French Life" (1864) "A Column of Gossip from Paris" (1865) Poetry[edit] Sketches Among the Poor (with William Gaskell; 1837) Temperance Rhymes (1839) Legacy[edit] The house on Plymouth Grove remained in the Gaskell family until 1913, after which it stood empty and fell into disrepair. The University of Manchester acquired it in 1969 and in 2004 it was acquired by the Manchester Historic Buildings Trust, which then raised money to restore it. Exterior renovations were completed in 2011; it is now open to the public as a historic house museum.[43][44] In 2010, a memorial to Gaskell was unveiled in Poets' Corner in Westminster Abbey. The panel was dedicated by her great-great-great-granddaughter Sarah Prince and a wreath was laid.[45] Manchester City Council have created an award in Gaskell's name, given to recognize women's involvement in charitable work and improvement of lives.[46] A bibliomemoir Mrs. Gaskell and me: Two Women, Two Love Stories, Two centuries Apart, by Nell Stevens was published in 2018.[47][48] Her novel Wives and Daughters aired on BBC television in 1999. In 2004, a television film miniseries aired on BBC television of her 1854 novel North and South. In 2007, her three part novella Cranford starring Judi Dench aired on BBC television. The Gaskell Memorial Hall, Silverdale's village hall, is so named because while funds were being raised for the building of the hall in 1928 a donor offered £50, or £100 if it was named thus: the conversation is recorded by novelist Willie Riley in his autobiography.[49] See also[edit] Illegitimacy in fiction Elizabeth Carter Notes[edit] ^ "Elizabeth Gaskell Biography - The Gaskell Society". Gaskellsociety.co.uk. Retrieved 9 December 2017. ^ Uglow, Jenny. "Gaskell [née Stevenson], Elizabeth Cleghorn". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/10434. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.) ^ a b c d e f g h Weyant, Nancy S. (2007). The Cambridge Companion to Elizabeth Gaskell; Chronology. Cambridge University Press. pp. xi–xx. ISBN 978-0-521-60926-5. ^ Pollard, Arthur (1965). Mrs. Gaskell: Novelist and Biographer. Manchester University Press. p. 12. ISBN 0-674-57750-7. ^ Gérin, Winifred (1976). Elizabeth Gaskell. Oxford University Press. pp. 10–17. ISBN 0-19-281296-3. ^ "Gaskell [née Stevenson], Elizabeth Cleghorn (1810–1865), novelist and short-story writer". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. 2004. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/10434. Retrieved 22 January 2024. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.) ^ Jenny Uglow (1993). Elizabeth Gaskell: A Habit of Stories. Faber & Faber. pp. 13–14. ISBN 0-571-20359-0. ^ Heathside (now Gaskell Avenue), which faces the large open area of Knutsford Heath. ^ Gaskell, Elizabeth Cleghorn (1858). The Doom of the Griffiths (annotated). Interactive Media. pp. introduction. ISBN 978-1-911495-12-3. OCLC 974343914. ^ a b c Michell, Sheila (1985). Introduction to The Manchester Marriage. UK: Alan Sutton. pp. iv–viii. ISBN 0-86299-247-8. ^ "The prominent house Plas yn Penrhyn …. at the top of Penrhyn itself was the home of Samuel Holland ..." Gwynedd Archaeological Trust http://www.heneb.co.uk/hlc/ffestiniog/ffest27.html ^ "The Gaskell Society Journal, Volume 22". The Gaskell Society. 2008. p. 57. Retrieved 25 April 2017. Meta (Margaret Emily), the second daughter, was sent at about the same age as Marianne to Miss Rachel Martineau, ... {{cite magazine}}: Cite magazine requires |magazine= (help) ^ "Silverdale Tower - Elizabeth Gaskell's Lancashire inspiration". Great British Life. 13 June 2011. Retrieved 27 September 2022. ^ "An Elizabeth Gaskell staycation". elizabethgaskellhouse.co.uk. 5 August 2020. Retrieved 27 September 2022. ^ "The house of a forgotten writer". The Westmorland Gazette. 8 February 2002. Retrieved 27 September 2022. ^ Ritchie, p. xviii. ^ Uglow J. Elizabeth Gaskell: A Habit of Stories (Faber and Faber; 1993) (ISBN 0-571-20359-0) ^ Nurden, Robert (26 March 2006). "An ending Dickens would have liked". The Independent. London. Archived from the original on 30 September 2007. ^ "Miss Meta Gaskell". The Spectator. 1 November 1913. Retrieved 25 April 2017. LORD HOUGHTON once said that the conversation and society to be met within the house of the Gaskells at Manchester were the one thing which made life in that city tolerable for people of literary tastes. Miss Meta Gaskell, (daughter of Elizabeth Gaskell) who died last Sunday... ^ Stone, Donald D. The Romantic Impulse in Victorian Fiction. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1980, p. 141. ^ Chapman, Alison, ed. (1999). Elizabeth Gaskell: Mary Barton North and South. Duxford: Icon Books. ISBN 9781840460377. ^ Whitfield, Archie Stanton (1929). Mrs. Gaskell, Her Life and Works. G. Routledge & sons. p. 258. ^ "Drury University: Victorian Age Literature, Marxism, and Labor Movement". Archived from the original on 1 June 2010. Retrieved 14 June 2012. ^ Stoneman, Patsy (1987). Elizabeth Gaskell. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. ISBN 9780253301031, p. 3. ^ Matus, Jill L., ed. (2007). The Cambridge companion to Elizabeth Gaskell (repr. ed.). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521846769., p. 9. ^ Pearl L. Brown. "From Elizabeth Gaskell's Mary Barton To Her North And South: Progress Or Decline For Women?" Victorian Literature and Culture, 28, pp. 345–358. ^ Grasso, Anthony R. (2004). "Gaskell, Elizabeth Cleghorn". In Cumming, Mark (ed.). The Carlyle Encyclopedia. Madison and Teaneck, NJ: Fairleigh Dickinson University Press. pp. 186–188. ISBN 978-0-8386-3792-0. ^ Excluding reference to Gaskell's Ghost Stories, Abrams, M. H., et al. (eds), "Elizabeth Gaskell, 1810–1865". The Norton Anthology of English Literature, The Major Authors: The Romantic Period through the Twentieth Century, 7th ed., Vol. B. New York, London: W.W. Norton & Company, 2001. ISBN 0-393-97304-2. DDC 820.8—dc21. LC PR1109.N6. ^ Sussman, Matthew (March 2022). ""Austen, Gaskell, and the Politics of Domestic Fiction"". Modern Language Quarterly. 83 (1): 1–26. doi:10.1215/00267929-9475004. S2CID 247141954. Retrieved 5 June 2023. ^ Easson, Angus (1996). "Introduction" to The Life of Charlotte Brontë. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. xi. ISBN 978-0-19-955476-8. ^ PHILLIPS, V. (1 August 1978). "Children in Early Victorian England: Infant Feeding in Literature and Society, 1837-1857". Journal of Tropical Pediatrics. 24 (4): 158–166. doi:10.1093/tropej/24.4.158. PMID 364073. ^ Gaskell, Elizabeth (1854–55). North and South. Penguin Popular Classics. p. 277. ISBN 978-0-14-062019-1. ^ Easson, Angus (1979). Elizabeth Gaskell. Routledge & Kegan Paul. pp. 12–17. ISBN 0-7100-0099-5. ^ a b Ingham, P. (1995). Introduction to the Penguin Classics edition of North and South. ^ Chapple JAV, Pollard A, eds. The Letters of Mrs Gaskell. Mandolin (Manchester University Press), 1997 ^ Gaskell, E. (1848). "1". Mary Barton.. ^ Gaskell, Elizabeth (1854–55). North and South. Penguin Popular Classics. ISBN 978-0-14-062019-1. ^ Stories of Successful Marriages. Victorian Short Stories. The Project Gutenberg.. ^ Nancy S. Weyant (2007), "Chronology", in Jill L. Matus (ed.), The Cambridge Companion to Elizabeth Gaskell, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-60926-5 ^ A chapter of A House to Let, co-written with Charles Dickens, Wilkie Collins, and Adelaide Anne Procter. ^ Co-written with Charles Dickens, Wilkie Collins, Adelaide Proctor, George Sala and Hesba Stretton. ^ a b c Jenny Uglow (1999), "First Publication of Elizabeth Gaskell's Works", Elizabeth Gaskell (2nd ed.), Faber and Faber, pp. 617–19, ISBN 0-571-20359-0 ^ "Elizabeth Gaskell's House". www.elizabethgaskellhouse.org. Retrieved 1 December 2018. ^ "Elizabeth Gaskell's house damaged after lead theft". BBC News. 11 May 2011. ^ "Elizabeth Gaskell". www.westminster-abbey.org. Archived from the original on 19 August 2011. Retrieved 9 December 2017. ^ "Veteran CND campaigner wins Elizabeth Gaskell award at age of 92". Manchester Evening News. 24 September 2010. Retrieved 26 January 2017. ^ "A Funny Heartfelt Tribute to a Literary Giant", Irish Times, 29 September 2018. ^ Stevens, Nell (2018). Mrs Gaskell and me : two women, two love stories, two centuries apart. London: Picador. ISBN 978-1509868186. ^ Riley, W. (1957). Sunset Reflections. London: Herbert Jenkins. p. 154. A Harrogate gentleman, Sir Norman Rae, ... told me ... he had opened a village hall in Nidderdale. "I gave them fifty pounds," he remarked, casually. This roused me and I said "We in this village are desperately anxious to build a hall of that kind... Will you give us fifty pounds?" We had been talking of Mrs Gaskell's connection ... "Shall we call it a Memorial Hall to that lady?" ... "If you'll do that... I'll give you a hundred." External links[edit] Library resources about Elizabeth Gaskell Resources in your library Resources in other libraries Wikimedia Commons has media related to Elizabeth Gaskell. Wikisource has original works by or about:Elizabeth Cleghorn Gaskell Wikiquote has quotations related to Elizabeth Gaskell. Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article "Gaskell, Elizabeth Cleghorn". Digital collections Works by Elizabeth Gaskell in eBook form at Standard Ebooks Works by Elizabeth Cleghorn Gaskell at Project Gutenberg Works by Elizabeth Gaskell at Faded Page (Canada) Works by or about Elizabeth Gaskell at Internet Archive Works by Elizabeth Gaskell at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks) Physical collections "Archival material relating to Elizabeth Gaskell". UK National Archives. Elizabeth Gaskell Manuscripts at the John Rylands Library, Manchester Elizabeth Gaskell Archived 18 May 2017 at the Wayback Machine at the British Library Archival material at Other resources The Gaskell Society The Gaskell Society of Japan (Japanese) Elizabeth Cleghorn Gaskell at Library of Congress, with 189 library catalogue records Mrs. Gaskell at the Internet Speculative Fiction Database Elizabeth Gaskell's House Brook Street Unitarian Chapel and the Gaskell Grave A Hyper-Concordance to the Works of Elizabeth Gaskell The Gaskell Web The Victorian Web The Visual Life of Elizabeth Gaskell Elizabeth Gaskell at Find a Grave "Elizabeth Gaskell". Radio 4 Great Lives. BBC. 20 May 2005. Retrieved 2 July 2014. Elizabeth Gaskell: A Cranford Walk Around Knutsford, Past and Present (YouTube) The Grave of Elizabeth Gaskell, Brook Street Chapel, Knutsford (YouTube) vteElizabeth GaskellNovels Mary Barton (1848) Cranford (1851–1853) Ruth (1853) North and South (1854–1855) My Lady Ludlow (1858–1859) A Dark Night's Work (1863) Sylvia's Lovers (1863) Cousin Phillis (1863–1864) Wives and Daughters (1864–1866) Short story collections Round the Sofa (1859) Lois the Witch (1861) Short stories Mr. Harrison's Confessions (1851) The Poor Clare (1856) "The Haunted House" (1858) "A House to Let" (1858) Non-fiction "The Last Generation in England" (1849) The Life of Charlotte Brontë (1857) Related Elizabeth Gaskell house William Gaskell (husband) William Stevenson (father) vteBrontë sistersCharlotte Jane Eyre (1847) Shirley (1849) Villette (1853) The Professor (1857) Emily "Lines" (1837) "To a Wreath of Snow" (1837) "F. De Samara to A. G. A." (1838) "Come hither child" (1839) "A Death-Scene" (1844) Wuthering Heights (1847) Anne "Lines Composed in a Wood on a Windy Day" (1846) Agnes Grey (1847) The Tenant of Wildfell Hall (1848) Collaborative work Poems by Currer, Ellis, and Acton Bell (1846) List of Brontë poems Juvenilia A Book of Ryhmes Glass Town The Young Men's Magazine Gondal Family Patrick Brontë (father) Maria Branwell (mother) Branwell Brontë (brother) Maria Brontë (sister) Elizabeth Brontë (sister) Elizabeth Branwell (aunt) Arthur Bell Nicholls (Charlotte's husband) John Kingston (uncle-in-law) William Morgan (husband of first cousin once removed) Locations Haworth (village which was home to and is greatly associated with the Brontës) Brontë Birthplace (house in Thornton, birthplace of the Brontë sisters) Thornton (village which was home to the Brontës) Hartshead (village which was home to the Brontës) Brontë Country (landscape portrayed in the Brontë novels) Brontë Parsonage Museum (former home and now museum of the Brontës) Brontë Waterfall (waterfall associated with the Brontë sisters) Brontë Way (footpath associated with the Brontë sisters) Cowan Bridge School (school attended by the Brontë sisters) St Michael and All Angels' Church (church of which Patrick Brontë was pastor) Associates Ellen Nussey (lifelong friend and correspondent of Charlotte Brontë) Elizabeth Gaskell (lifelong friend and biographer of Charlotte Brontë) Mary Taylor (lifelong friend of Charlotte Brontë) Constantin Héger (teacher who was loved by Charlotte Brontë) George Smith (publisher of the Brontës) Cultural legacy Devotion (1946 film) Les Sœurs Brontë (1979 film) Brontë (2005 play) To Walk Invisible (2016 film) Emily (2022 film) Victorian literature Category Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF National Norway Chile Spain France BnF data Catalonia Germany Italy Israel Finland Belgium United States Sweden Latvia Japan Czech Republic Australia Greece Korea Croatia Netherlands Poland Portugal Russia 2 Vatican Academics CiNii Artists MusicBrainz ULAN People Deutsche Biographie Trove Other SNAC IdRef
Margaret was once more in her morning dress, travelling quietly home with her father, who had come up to assist at the wedding. Her mother had been detained at home by a multitude of half-reasons, none of which anybody fully understood, except Mr. Hale, who was perfectly aware that all his arguments in favour of a grey satin gown, which was midway between oldness and newness, had proved unavailing; and that, as he had not the money to equip his wife afresh, from top to toe, she would not show herself at her only sister's only child's wedding. If Mrs. Shaw had guessed at the real reason why Mrs. Hale did not accompany her husband, she would have showered down gowns upon her; but it was nearly twenty years since Mrs. Shaw had been the poor, pretty Miss Beresford, and she had really forgotten all grievances except that of the unhappiness arising from disparity of age in married life, on which she could descant by the half-hour. Dearest Maria had married the man of her heart, only eight years older than herself, with the sweetest temper, and that blue-black hair one so seldom sees. Mr. Hale was one of the most delightful preachers she had ever heard, and a perfect model of a parish priest. Perhaps it was not quite a logical deduction from all these premises, but it was still Mrs. Shaw's characteristic conclusion, as she thought over her sister's lot: 'Married for love, what can dearest Maria have to wish for in this world?' Mrs. Hale, if she spoke truth, might have answered with a ready-made list, 'a silver-grey glace silk, a white chip bonnet, oh! dozens of things for the wedding, and hundreds of things for the house.' Margaret only knew that her mother had not found it convenient to come, and she was not sorry to think that their meeting and greeting would take place at Helstone parsonage, rather than, during the confusion of the last two or three days, in the house in Harley Street, where she herself had had to play the part of Figaro, and was wanted everywhere at one and the same time. Her mind and body ached now with the recollection of all she had done and said within the last forty-eight hours. The farewells so hurriedly taken, amongst all the other good-byes, of those she had lived with so long, oppressed her now with a sad regret for the times that were no more; it did not signify what those times had been, they were gone never to return. Margaret's heart felt more heavy than she could ever have thought it possible in going to her own dear home, the place and the life she had longed for for years-at that time of all times for yearning and longing, just before the sharp senses lose their outlines in sleep. She took her mind away with a wrench from the recollection of the past to the bright serene contemplation of the hopeful future. Her eyes began to see, not visions of what had been, but the sight actually before her; her dear father leaning back asleep in the railway carriage. His blue-black hair was grey now, and lay thinly over his brows. The bones of his face were plainly to be seen-too plainly for beauty, if his features had been less finely cut; as it was, they had a grace if not a comeliness of their own. The face was in repose; but it was rather rest after weariness, than the serene calm of the countenance of one who led a placid, contented life. Margaret was painfully struck by the worn, anxious expression; and she went back over the open and avowed circumstances of her father's life, to find the cause for the lines that spoke so plainly of habitual distress and depression.
'Poor Frederick!' thought she, sighing. 'Oh! if Frederick had but been a clergyman, instead of going into the navy, and being lost to us all! I wish I knew all about it. I never understood it from Aunt Shaw; I only knew he could not come back to England because of that terrible affair. Poor dear papa! how sad he looks! I am so glad I am going home, to be at hand to comfort him and mamma.
She was ready with a bright smile, in which there was not a trace of fatigue, to greet her father when he awakened. He smiled back again, but faintly, as if it were an unusual exertion. His face returned into its lines of habitual anxiety. He had a trick of half-opening his mouth as if to speak, which constantly unsettled the form of the lips, and gave the face an undecided expression. But he had the same large, soft eyes as his daughter,-eyes which moved slowly and almost grandly round in their orbits, and were well veiled by their transparent white eyelids. Margaret was more like him than like her mother. Sometimes people wondered that parents so handsome should have a daughter who was so far from regularly beautiful; not beautiful at all, was occasionally said. Her mouth was wide; no rosebud that could only open just enough to let out a 'yes' and 'no,' and 'an't please you, sir.' But the wide mouth was one soft curve of rich red lips; and the skin, if not white and fair, was of an ivory smoothness and delicacy. If the look on her face was, in general, too dignified and reserved for one so young, now, talking to her father, it was bright as the morning,-full of dimples, and glances that spoke of childish gladness, and boundless hope in the future.
It was the latter part of July when Margaret returned home. The forest trees were all one dark, full, dusky green; the fern below them caught all the slanting sunbeams; the weather was sultry and broodingly still. Margaret used to tramp along by her father's side, crushing down the fern with a cruel glee, as she felt it yield under her light foot, and send up the fragrance peculiar to it,-out on the broad commons into the warm scented light, seeing multitudes of wild, free, living creatures, revelling in the sunshine, and the herbs and flowers it called forth. This life-at least these walks-realised all Margaret's anticipations. She took a pride in her forest. Its people were her people. She made hearty friends with them; learned and delighted in using their peculiar words; took up her freedom amongst them; nursed their babies; talked or read with slow distinctness to their old people; carried dainty messes to their sick; resolved before long to teach at the school, where her father went every day as to an appointed task, but she was continually tempted off to go and see some individual friend-man, woman, or child-in some cottage in the green shade of the forest. Her out-of-doors life was perfect. Her in-doors life had its drawbacks. With the healthy shame of a child, she blamed herself for her keenness of sight, in perceiving that all was not as it should be there. Her mother-her mother always so kind and tender towards her-seemed now and then so much discontented with their situation; thought that the bishop strangely neglected his episcopal duties, in not giving Mr. Hale a better living; and almost reproached her husband because he could not bring himself to say that he wished to leave the parish, and undertake the charge of a larger. He would sigh aloud as he answered, that if he could do what he ought in little Helstone, he should be thankful; but every day he was more overpowered; the world became more bewildering. At each repeated urgency of his wife, that he would put himself in the way of seeking some preferment, Margaret saw that her father shrank more and more; and she strove at such times to reconcile her mother to Helstone. Mrs. Hale said that the near neighbourhood of so many trees affected her health; and Margaret would try to tempt her forth on to the beautiful, broad, upland, sun-streaked, cloud-shadowed common; for she was sure that her mother had accustomed herself too much to an in-doors life, seldom extending her walks beyond the church, the school, and the neighbouring cottages. This did good for a time; but when the autumn drew on, and the weather became more changeable, her mother's idea of the unhealthiness of the place increased; and she repined even more frequently that her husband, who was more learned than Mr. Hume, a better parish priest than Mr. Houldsworth, should not have met with the preferment that these two former neighbours of theirs had done.
This marring of the peace of home, by long hours of discontent, was what Margaret was unprepared for. She knew, and had rather revelled in the idea, that she should have to give up many luxuries, which had only been troubles and trammels to her freedom in Harley Street. Her keen enjoyment of every sensuous pleasure, was balanced finely, if not overbalanced, by her conscious pride in being able to do without them all, if need were. But the cloud never comes in that quarter of the horizon from which we watch for it. There had been slight complaints and passing regrets on her mother's part, over some trifle connected with Helstone, and her father's position there, when Margaret had been spending her holidays at home before; but in the general happiness of the recollection of those times, she had forgotten the small details which were not so pleasant. In the latter half of September, the autumnal rains and storms came on, and Margaret was obliged to remain more in the house than she had hitherto done. Helstone was at some distance from any neighbours of their own standard of cultivation.
'It is undoubtedly one of the most out-of-the-way places in England,' said Mrs. Hale, in one of her plaintive moods. 'I can't help regretting constantly that papa has really no one to associate with here; he is so thrown away; seeing no one but farmers and labourers from week's end to week's end. If we only lived at the other side of the parish, it would be something; there we should be almost within walking distance of the Stansfields; certainly the Gormans would be within a walk.' 'Gormans,' said Margaret. 'Are those the Gormans who made their fortunes in trade at Southampton? Oh! I'm glad we don't visit them. I don't like shoppy people. I think we are far better off, knowing only cottagers and labourers, and people without pretence.' 'You must not be so fastidious, Margaret, dear!' said her mother, secretly thinking of a young and handsome Mr. Gorman whom she had once met at Mr. Hume's. 'No! I call mine a very comprehensive taste; I like all people whose occupations have to do with land; I like soldiers and sailors, and the three learned professions, as they call them. I'm sure you don't want me to admire butchers and bakers, and candlestick-makers, do you, mamma?' 'But the Gormans were neither butchers nor bakers, but very respectable coach-builders.' 'Very well. Coach-building is a trade all the same, and I think a much more useless one than that of butchers or bakers. Oh! how tired I used to be of the drives every day in Aunt Shaw's carriage, and how I longed to walk!'
And walk Margaret did, in spite of the weather. She was so happy out of doors, at her father's side, that she almost danced; and with the soft violence of the west wind behind her, as she crossed some heath, she seemed to be borne onwards, as lightly and easily as the fallen leaf that was wafted along by the autumnal breeze. But the evenings were rather difficult to fill up agreeably. Immediately after tea her father withdrew into his small library, and she and her mother were left alone. Mrs. Hale had never cared much for books, and had discouraged her husband, very early in their married life, in his desire of reading aloud to her, while she worked. At one time they had tried backgammon as a resource; but as Mr. Hale grew to take an increasing interest in his school and his parishioners, he found that the interruptions which arose out of these duties were regarded as hardships by his wife, not to be accepted as the natural conditions of his profession, but to be regretted and struggled against by her as they severally arose. So he withdrew, while the children were yet young, into his library, to spend his evenings (if he were at home), in reading the speculative and metaphysical books which were his delight.
When Margaret had been here before, she had brought down with her a great box of books, recommended by masters or governess, and had found the summer's day all too short to get through the reading she had to do before her return to town. Now there were only the well-bound little-read English Classics, which were weeded out of her father's library to fill up the small book-shelves in the drawing-room. Thomson's Seasons, Hayley's Cowper, Middleton's Cicero, were by far the lightest, newest, and most amusing. The book-shelves did not afford much resource. Margaret told her mother every particular of her London life, to all of which Mrs. Hale listened with interest, sometimes amused and questioning, at others a little inclined to compare her sister's circumstances of ease and comfort with the narrower means at Helstone vicarage. On such evenings Margaret was apt to stop talking rather abruptly, and listen to the drip-drip of the rain upon the leads of the little bow-window. Once or twice Margaret found herself mechanically counting the repetition of the monotonous sound, while she wondered if she might venture to put a question on a subject very near to her heart, and ask where Frederick was now; what he was doing; how long it was since they had heard from him. But a consciousness that her mother's delicate health, and positive dislike to Helstone, all dated from the time of the mutiny in which Frederick had been engaged,-the full account of which Margaret had never heard, and which now seemed doomed to be buried in sad oblivion,-made her pause and turn away from the subject each time she approached it. When she was with her mother, her father seemed the best person to apply to for information; and when with him, she thought that she could speak more easily to her mother. Probably there was nothing much to be heard that was new. In one of the letters she had received before leaving Harley Street, her father had told her that they had heard from Frederick; he was still at Rio, and very well in health, and sent his best love to her; which was dry bones, but not the living intelligence she longed for. Frederick was always spoken of, in the rare times when his name was mentioned, as 'Poor Frederick.' His room was kept exactly as he had left it; and was regularly dusted, and put into order by Dixon, Mrs. Hale's maid, who touched no other part of the household work, but always remembered the day when she had been engaged by Lady Beresford as ladies' maid to Sir John's wards, the pretty Miss Beresfords, the belles of Rutlandshire. Dixon had always considered Mr. Hale as the blight which had fallen upon her young lady's prospects in life. If Miss Beresford had not been in such a hurry to marry a poor country clergyman, there was no knowing what she might not have become. But Dixon was too loyal to desert her in her affliction and downfall (alias her married life). She remained with her, and was devoted to her interests; always considering herself as the good and protecting fairy, whose duty it was to baffle the malignant giant, Mr. Hale. Master Frederick had been her favorite and pride; and it was with a little softening of her dignified look and manner, that she went in weekly to arrange the chamber as carefully as if he might be coming home that very evening. Margaret could not help believing that there had been some late intelligence of Frederick, unknown to her mother, which was making her father anxious and uneasy. Mrs. Hale did not seem to perceive any alteration in her husband's looks or ways. His spirits were always tender and gentle, readily affected by any small piece of intelligence concerning the welfare of others. He would be depressed for many days after witnessing a death-bed, or hearing of any crime. But now Margaret noticed an absence of mind, as if his thoughts were pre-occupied by some subject, the oppression of which could not be relieved by any daily action, such as comforting the survivors, or teaching at the school in hope of lessening the evils in the generation to come. Mr. Hale did not go out among his parishioners as much as usual; he was more shut up in his study; was anxious for the village postman, whose summons to the house-hold was a rap on the back-kitchen window-shutter-a signal which at one time had often to be repeated before any one was sufficiently alive to the hour of the day to understand what it was, and attend to him. Now Mr. Hale loitered about the garden if the morning was fine, and if not, stood dreamily by the study window until the postman had called, or gone down the lane, giving a half-respectful, half-confidential shake of the head to the parson, who watched him away beyond the sweet-briar hedge, and past the great arbutus, before he turned into the room to begin his day's work, with all the signs of a heavy heart and an occupied mind.
But Margaret was at an age when any apprehension, not absolutely based on a knowledge of facts, is easily banished for a time by a bright sunny day, or some happy outward circumstance. And when the brilliant fourteen fine days of October came on, her cares were all blown away as lightly as thistledown, and she thought of nothing but the glories of the forest. The fern-harvest was over, and now that the rain was gone, many a deep glade was accessible, into which Margaret had only peeped in July and August weather. She had learnt drawing with Edith; and she had sufficiently regretted, during the gloom of the bad weather, her idle revelling in the beauty of the woodlands while it had yet been fine, to make her determined to sketch what she could before winter fairly set in. Accordingly, she was busy preparing her board one morning, when Sarah, the housemaid, threw wide open the drawing-room door and announced, 'Mr. Henry Lennox.'

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Word Lists:

Autumnal : of, characteristic of, or occurring in autumn

Repine : feel or express discontent; fret

Severally : separately or individually; each in turn

Disparity : a great difference

Trammel : a restriction or impediment to someone's freedom of action

Revel : enjoy oneself in a lively and noisy way, especially with drinking and dancing

Butcher : a person whose trade is cutting up and selling meat in a shop.

Unavailing : achieving little or nothing; ineffective

Alias : used to indicate that a named person is also known or more familiar under another specified name

Fern : a flowerless plant which has feathery or leafy fronds and reproduces by spores released from the undersides of the fronds. Ferns have a vascular system for the transport of water and nutrients.

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Additional Information:

Rating: C Words in the Passage: 3204 Unique Words: 1,035 Sentences: 139
Noun: 743 Conjunction: 319 Adverb: 249 Interjection: 7
Adjective: 241 Pronoun: 307 Verb: 562 Preposition: 404
Letter Count: 14,081 Sentiment: Positive / Positive / Positive Tone: Neutral Difficult Words: 616
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