French novelist, literary critic, and essayist (1871–1922) "Proust" redirects here. For other uses, see Proust (disambiguation). Marcel ProustProust in 1900(photograph by Otto Wegener)BornValentin Louis Georges Eugène Marcel Proust(1871-07-10)10 July 1871Auteuil, Paris, FranceDied18 November 1922(1922-11-18) (aged 51)Chaillot, Paris, FranceResting placePère Lachaise CemeteryEducationLycée CondorcetOccupations Novelist essayist critic Notable workIn Search of Lost TimeParent(s)Adrien Achille ProustJeanne Clémence WeilRelativesRobert Proust (brother)Signature Valentin Louis Georges Eugène Marcel Proust (/pruːst/ PROOST,[1] French: [maʁsɛl pʁust]; 10 July 1871 – 18 November 1922) was a French novelist, literary critic, and essayist who wrote the monumental novel À la recherche du temps perdu (in French - translated in English as Remembrance of Things Past and more recently as In Search of Lost Time) which was published in seven volumes between 1913 and 1927. He is considered by critics and writers to be one of the most influential authors of the 20th century.[2][3] Biography[edit] Proust was born on 10 July 1871 at the home of his great-uncle in the Paris Borough of Auteuil (the south-western sector of the then-rustic 16th arrondissement), two months after the Treaty of Frankfurt formally ended the Franco-Prussian War. His birth took place at the very beginning of the French Third Republic,[4] during the violence that surrounded the suppression of the Paris Commune, and his childhood corresponded with the consolidation of the Republic. Much of In Search of Lost Time concerns the vast changes, most particularly the decline of the aristocracy and the rise of the middle classes, that occurred in France during the fin de siècle. Proust's father, Adrien Proust, was a prominent French pathologist and epidemiologist, studying cholera in Europe and Asia. He wrote numerous articles and books on medicine and hygiene. Proust's mother, Jeanne Clémence (maiden name: Weil), was the daughter of a wealthy German–Jewish family from Alsace.[5] Literate and well-read, she demonstrated a well-developed sense of humour in her letters, and her command of the English language was sufficient to help with her son's translations of John Ruskin.[6] Proust was raised in his father's Catholic faith.[7] He was baptized on 5 August 1871 at the Church of Saint-Louis-d'Antin and later confirmed as a Catholic, but he never formally practised that faith. He later became an atheist and was something of a mystic.[8][9] By the age of nine, Proust had had his first serious asthma attack, and thereafter he was considered a sickly child. Proust spent long holidays in the village of Illiers. This village, combined with recollections of his great-uncle's house in Auteuil, became the model for the fictional town of Combray, where some of the most important scenes of In Search of Lost Time take place. (Illiers was renamed Illiers-Combray in 1971 on the occasion of the Proust centenary celebrations.) In 1882, at the age of eleven, Proust became a pupil at the Lycée Condorcet; however, his education was disrupted by his illness. Despite this, he excelled in literature, receiving an award in his final year. Thanks to his classmates, he was able to gain access to some of the salons of the upper bourgeoisie, providing him with copious material for In Search of Lost Time.[10] Marcel Proust (seated), Robert de Flers (left), and Lucien Daudet (right), c. 1894 In spite of his poor health, Proust served a year (1889–90) in the French army, stationed at Coligny Barracks in Orléans, an experience that provided a lengthy episode in The Guermantes' Way, part three of his novel. As a young man, Proust was a dilettante and a social climber whose aspirations as a writer were hampered by his lack of self-discipline. His reputation from this period, as a snob and an amateur, contributed to his later troubles with getting Swann's Way, the first part of his large-scale novel, published in 1913. At this time, he attended the salons of Mme Straus, widow of Georges Bizet and mother of Proust's childhood friend Jacques Bizet, of Madeleine Lemaire and of Mme Arman de Caillavet, one of the models for Madame Verdurin, and mother of his friend Gaston Arman de Caillavet, with whose fiancée (Jeanne Pouquet) he was in love. It is through Mme Arman de Caillavet, he made the acquaintance of Anatole France, her lover. Proust had a close relationship with his mother. To appease his father, who insisted that he pursue a career, Proust obtained a volunteer position at Bibliothèque Mazarine in the summer of 1896. After exerting considerable effort, he obtained a sick leave that extended for several years until he was considered to have resigned. He never worked at his job, and he did not move from his parents' apartment until after both were dead.[6] His life and family circle changed markedly between 1900 and 1905. In February 1903, Proust's brother, Robert Proust, married and left the family home. His father died in November of the same year.[11] Finally, and most crushingly, Proust's beloved mother died in September 1905. She left him a considerable inheritance. His health throughout this period continued to deteriorate. Proust spent the last three years of his life mostly confined to his bedroom of his apartment 44 rue Hamelin[12][13] (in Chaillot), sleeping during the day and working at night to complete his novel.[14] He died of pneumonia and a pulmonary abscess in 1922. He was buried in the Père Lachaise Cemetery in Paris.[15] Personal life[edit] Proust is known to have been homosexual; his sexuality and relationships with men are often discussed by his biographers.[16] Although his housekeeper, Céleste Albaret, denies this aspect of Proust's sexuality in her memoirs,[17] her denial runs contrary to the statements of many of Proust's friends and contemporaries, including his fellow writer André Gide[18] as well as his valet Ernest A. Forssgren.[19] Proust never openly disclosed his homosexuality, though his family and close friends either knew or suspected it. In 1897, he even fought a duel with writer Jean Lorrain, who publicly questioned the nature of Proust's relationship with his (Proust's) lover[20] Lucien Daudet (both duellists survived).[21] Despite Proust's own public denial, his romantic relationship with composer Reynaldo Hahn,[22] and his infatuation with his chauffeur and secretary, Alfred Agostinelli, are well documented.[23] On the night of 11 January 1918, Proust was one of the men identified by police in a raid on a male brothel run by Albert Le Cuziat.[24] Proust's friend, the poet Paul Morand, openly teased Proust about his visits to male prostitutes. In his journal, Morand refers to Proust, as well as Gide, as "constantly hunting, never satiated by their adventures ... eternal prowlers, tireless sexual adventurers."[25] The exact influence of Proust's sexuality on his writing is a topic of debate.[26] However, In Search of Lost Time discusses homosexuality at length and features several principal characters, both men and women, who are either homosexual or bisexual: the Baron de Charlus, Robert de Saint-Loup, Odette de Crécy, and Albertine Simonet.[27] Homosexuality also appears as a theme in Les plaisirs et les jours and his unfinished novel, Jean Santeuil. Proust inherited much of his mother's political outlook, which was supportive of the French Third Republic and near the liberal centre of French politics.[28] In an 1892 article published in Le Banquet entitled "L'Irréligion d'État", Proust condemned extreme anti-clerical measures such as the expulsion of monks, observing that "one might just be surprised that the negation of religion should bring in its wake the same fanaticism, intolerance, and persecution as religion itself."[28][29] He argued that socialism posed a greater threat to society than the Church.[28] He was equally critical of the right, lambasting "the insanity of the conservatives," whom he deemed "as dumb and ungrateful as under Charles X," and referring to Pope Pius X's obstinacy as foolish.[30] Proust always rejected the bigoted and illiberal views harbored by many priests at the time, but believed that the most enlightened clerics could be just as progressive as the most enlightened secularists, and that both could serve the cause of "the advanced liberal Republic".[31] He approved of the more moderate stance taken in 1906 by Aristide Briand, whom he described as "admirable".[30] Proust was among the earliest Dreyfusards, even attending Émile Zola's trial and proudly claiming to have been the one who asked Anatole France to sign the petition in support of Alfred Dreyfus's innocence.[32] In 1919, when representatives of the right-wing Action Française published a manifesto upholding French colonialism and the Catholic Church as the embodiment of civilised values, Proust rejected their nationalistic and chauvinistic views in favor of a liberal pluralist vision which acknowledged Christianity's cultural legacy in France.[28] Julien Benda commended Proust in La Trahison des clercs as a writer who distinguished himself from his generation by avoiding the twin traps of nationalism and class sectarianism.[28] Proust was considered a hypochondriac by his doctors. His correspondence provides some clues on his symptoms.[clarification needed] According to J. Yellowlees Douglas, Proust suffered from the vascular subtype of Ehlers–Danlos Syndrome.[33] Early writing[edit] Proust was involved in writing and publishing from an early age. In addition to the literary magazines with which he was associated, and in which he published while at school (La Revue verte and La Revue lilas), from 1890 to 1891 he published a regular society column in the journal Le Mensuel.[6] In 1892, he was involved in founding a literary review called Le Banquet (also the French title of Plato's Symposium), and throughout the next several years Proust published small pieces regularly in this journal and in the prestigious La Revue Blanche. In 1896 Les plaisirs et les jours, a compendium of many of these early pieces, was published. The book included a foreword by Anatole France, drawings by Mme Lemaire in whose salon Proust was a frequent guest, and who inspired Proust's Mme Verdurin. She invited him and Reynaldo Hahn to her château de Réveillon (the model for Mme Verdurin's La Raspelière) in summer 1894, and for three weeks in 1895. This book was so sumptuously produced that it cost twice the normal price of a book its size.[citation needed] That year Proust also began working on a novel, which was eventually published in 1952 and titled Jean Santeuil by his posthumous editors. Many of the themes later developed in In Search of Lost Time find their first articulation in this unfinished work, including the enigma of memory and the necessity of reflection; several sections of In Search of Lost Time can be read in the first draft in Jean Santeuil. The portrait of the parents in Jean Santeuil is quite harsh, in marked contrast to the adoration with which the parents are painted in Proust's masterpiece. Following the poor reception of Les Plaisirs et les Jours, and internal troubles with resolving the plot, Proust gradually abandoned Jean Santeuil in 1897 and stopped work on it entirely by 1899. Beginning in 1895 Proust spent several years reading Thomas Carlyle, Ralph Waldo Emerson, and John Ruskin. Through this reading, he refined his theories of art and the role of the artist in society. Also, in Time Regained Proust's universal protagonist recalls having translated Ruskin's Sesame and Lilies. The artist's responsibility is to confront the appearance of nature, deduce its essence and retell or explain that essence in the work of art. Ruskin's view of artistic production was central to this conception, and Ruskin's work was so important to Proust that he claimed to know "by heart" several of Ruskin's books, including The Seven Lamps of Architecture, The Bible of Amiens, and Praeterita.[6] Proust set out to translate two of Ruskin's works into French, but was hampered by an imperfect command of English. To compensate for this he made his translations a group affair: sketched out by his mother, the drafts were first revised by Proust, then by Marie Nordlinger, the English cousin of his friend and sometime lover[22] Reynaldo Hahn, then finally polished by Proust. Questioned about his method by an editor, Proust responded, "I don't claim to know English; I claim to know Ruskin".[6][34] The Bible of Amiens, with Proust's extended introduction, was published in French in 1904. Both the translation and the introduction were well-reviewed; Henri Bergson called Proust's introduction "an important contribution to the psychology of Ruskin", and had similar praise for the translation.[6] At the time of this publication, Proust was already translating Ruskin's Sesame and Lilies, which he completed in June 1905, just before his mother's death, and published in 1906. Literary historians and critics have ascertained that, apart from Ruskin, Proust's chief literary influences included Saint-Simon, Montaigne, Stendhal, Flaubert, George Eliot, Fyodor Dostoyevsky, and Leo Tolstoy.[citation needed] In Proust’s 1904 article "La mort des cathédrales" (The Death of Cathedrals) published in Le Figaro, Proust called Gothic cathedrals “probably the highest, and unquestionably the most original expression of French genius”.[35] 1908 was an important year for Proust's development as a writer. During the first part of the year he published in various journals pastiches of other writers. These exercises in imitation may have allowed Proust to solidify his own style. In addition, in the spring and summer of the year Proust began work on several different fragments of writing that would later coalesce under the working title of Contre Sainte-Beuve. Proust described his efforts in a letter to a friend: "I have in progress: a study on the nobility, a Parisian novel, an essay on Sainte-Beuve and Flaubert, an essay on women, an essay on pederasty (not easy to publish), a study on stained-glass windows, a study on tombstones, a study on the novel".[6] From these disparate fragments Proust began to shape a novel on which he worked continually during this period. The rough outline of the work centred on a first-person narrator, unable to sleep, who during the night remembers waiting as a child for his mother to come to him in the morning. The novel was to have ended with a critical examination of Sainte-Beuve and a refutation of his theory that biography was the most important tool for understanding an artist's work. Present in the unfinished manuscript notebooks are many elements that correspond to parts of the Recherche, in particular, to the "Combray" and "Swann in Love" sections of Volume 1, and to the final section of Volume 7. Trouble with finding a publisher, as well as a gradually changing conception of his novel, led Proust to shift work to a substantially different project that still contained many of the same themes and elements. By 1910 he was at work on À la recherche du temps perdu. In Search of Lost Time[edit] Main article: In Search of Lost Time Begun in 1909, when Proust was 38 years old, À la recherche du temps perdu consists of seven volumes totaling around 3,200 pages (about 4,300 in The Modern Library's translation) and featuring more than 2,000 characters. Graham Greene called Proust the "greatest novelist of the twentieth century, just as Tolstoy was of the nineteenth"[36] and W. Somerset Maugham called the novel the "greatest fiction to date".[37] André Gide was initially not so taken with his work. The first volume was refused by the publisher Gallimard on Gide's advice. He later wrote to Proust apologizing for his part in the refusal and calling it one of the most serious mistakes of his life.[38] Finally, the book was published at the author's expense by Grasset and Proust paid critics to speak favorably about it.[39] Proust died before he was able to complete his revision of the drafts and proofs of the final volumes, the last three of which were published posthumously and edited by his brother Robert. The book was translated into English by C. K. Scott Moncrieff, appearing under the title Remembrance of Things Past between 1922 and 1931. Scott Moncrieff translated volumes one through six of the seven volumes, dying before completing the last. This last volume was rendered by other translators at different times. When Scott Moncrieff's translation was later revised (first by Terence Kilmartin, then by D. J. Enright) the title of the novel was changed to the more literal In Search of Lost Time. In 1995, Penguin undertook a fresh translation of the book by editor Christopher Prendergast and seven translators in three countries, based on the latest, most complete and authoritative French text. Its six volumes, comprising Proust's seven, were published in Britain under the Allen Lane imprint in 2002. Gallery[edit] Jean Béraud, La Sortie du lycée Condorcet 102 Boulevard Haussmann, Paris, where Marcel Proust lived from 1907 to 1919 Robert de Montesquiou, the main inspiration for Baron de Charlus in À la recherche du temps perdu Mme. Arman de Caillavet Grave of Marcel Proust at Père Lachaise Cemetery Bibliography[edit] Novels[edit] In Search of Lost Time (À la recherche du temps perdu published in seven volumes, previously translated as Remembrance of Things Past) (1913–1927) Swann's Way (Du côté de chez Swann, sometimes translated as The Way by Swann's) (1913) In the Shadow of Young Girls in Flower (À l'ombre des jeunes filles en fleurs, also translated as Within a Budding Grove) (1919) The Guermantes Way (Le Côté de Guermantes originally published in two volumes) (1920–1921) Sodom and Gomorrah (Sodome et Gomorrhe originally published in two volumes, sometimes translated as Cities of the Plain) (1921–1922) The Prisoner (La Prisonnière, also translated as The Captive) (1923) The Fugitive (Albertine disparue, also titled La Fugitive, sometimes translated as The Sweet Cheat Gone or Albertine Gone) (1925) Time Regained (Le Temps retrouvé, also translated as Finding Time Again and The Past Recaptured) translated by C. K. Scott Moncrieff (1927) Jean Santeuil (1896-1900, unfinished novel in three volumes published posthumously – 1952) Short story collections[edit] Early Stories (short stories published posthumously) Pleasures and Days (Les plaisirs et les jours; illustrations by Madeleine Lemaire, preface by Anatole France, and four piano works by Reynaldo Hahn) (1896) Non-fiction[edit] Pastiches, or The Lemoine Affair (Pastiches et mélanges – a collection) (1919) Against Sainte-Beuve (Contre Sainte-Beuve: suivi de Nouveaux mélanges) (published posthumously 1954) Translations of John Ruskin[edit] La Bible d'Amiens (translation of The Bible of Amiens) (1896) Sésame et les lys: des trésors des rois, des jardins des reines (translation of Sesame and Lilies) (1906) See also[edit] 102 Boulevard Haussmann, a BBC production set in 1916 about Proust Albertine, a novel based on a character in À la recherche du temps perdu by Jacqueline Rose (London, 2001) Céleste, a German film dramatising part of Proust's life, seen from the viewpoint of his housekeeper Céleste Albaret Involuntary memory Le Temps Retrouvé, d'après l'œuvre de Marcel Proust (Time Regained), film by director Raúl Ruiz, 1999 Mme Proust and the Kosher Kitchen, a novel by Kate Taylor that includes a fictional diary written by Proust's mother "Proust", an essay by Samuel Beckett Proust Questionnaire Swann in Love, film by the director Volker Schlöndorff, 1984 La captive, film by the director Chantal Akerman, 2000 Little Miss Sunshine, an American road-trip tragicomedy where Steve Carell plays an ex-Proust professor. References[edit] ^ "Proust". Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary. ^ Harold Bloom, Genius, pp. 191–225. ^ "Marcel Proust". The New York Times. Retrieved 13 October 2016. ^ Ellison, David (2010). A Reader's Guide to Proust's 'In Search of Lost Time'. p. 8. ^ Massie, Allan. "Madame Proust: A Biography By Evelyne Bloch-Dano, translated by Alice Kaplan". Literary Review. Archived from the original on 12 February 2009. ^ a b c d e f g Tadié, J-Y. (Euan Cameron, trans.) Marcel Proust: A life. New York: Penguin Putnam, 2000. ^ NYSL TRAVELS: Paris: Proust's Time Regained Archived 27 January 2012 at the Wayback Machine ^ Edmund White (2009). Marcel Proust: A Life. Penguin. ISBN 9780143114987. "Marcel Proust was the son of a Christian father and a Jewish mother. He himself was baptized (on August 5, 1871, at the church of Saint-Louis d'Antin) and later confirmed as a Roman Catholic, but he never practised that faith and as an adult could best be described as a mystical atheist, someone imbued with spirituality who nonetheless did not believe in a personal God, much less in a savior." ^ Proust, Marcel (1999). The Oxford dictionary of quotations. Oxford University Press. p. 594. ISBN 978-0-19-860173-9. "...the highest praise of God consists in the denial of him by the atheist who finds creation so perfect that it can dispense with a creator." ^ Painter, George D. (1959) Marcel Proust: a biography; Vols. 1 & 2. London: Chatto & Windus ^ Carter (2002) ^ Mort de Marcel Proust ^ Gilberto Schwartsmann, Emmanuel Tugny, Pascale Privey (2022). La Maîtresse de Proust. p. 193.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) ^ Marcel Proust: Revolt against the Tyranny of Time. Harry Slochower .The Sewanee Review, 1943. ^ Wilson, Scott. Resting Places: The Burial Sites of More Than 14,000 Famous Persons, 3d ed.: 2 (Kindle Locations 38123-38124). McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers. Kindle Edition. ^ Painter (1959), White (1998), Tadié (2000), Carter (2002 and 2006) ^ Albaret (2003) ^ Harris (2002) ^ Forssgren (2006) ^ "Marcel Proust". ^ Hall, Sean Charles (12 February 2012). "Dueling Dandies: How Men Of Style Displayed a Blasé Demeanor In the Face of Death". Dandyism. Archived from the original on 11 September 2019. Retrieved 18 May 2016. ^ a b Carter, William C. (2006), Proust in Love, YaleUniversity Press, pp. 31–35, ISBN 0-300-10812-5 ^ Whitaker, Rick (1 June 2000). "Proust's dearest pleasures: The best of a slew of recent biographies points to the author's conscious self-closeting". Salon. ^ *Laure Murat. "Proust, Marcel, 46 ans, rentier: Un individu 'aux allures de pédéraste' fiche à la police", La Revue littéraire 14: 82–93, (May 2005); Carter (2006) ^ Paul Morand. Journal inutile, tome 2 : 1973 – 1976, ed. Laurent Boyer and Véronique Boyer. Paris: Gallimard, 2001; Carter (2006) ^ Sedgwick (1992); O'Brien (1949) ^ Sedgwick (1992); Ladenson (1999); Bersani (2013) ^ a b c d e Hughes, Edward J. (2011). Proust, Class, and Nation. Oxford University Press. pp. 19–46. ^ Carter, William C. (2013). Marcel Proust: A Life, with a New Preface by the Author. Yale University Press. p. 346. ^ a b Watson, D. R. (1968). "Sixteen Letters of Marcel Proust to Joseph Reinach". The Modern Language Review. 63 (3): 587–599. doi:10.2307/3722199. JSTOR 3722199. ^ Sprinker, Michael (1998). History and Ideology in Proust: A la Recherche Du Temps Perdu and the Third French Republic. Verso. pp. 45–46. ^ Bales, Richard (2001). The Cambridge Companion to Proust. Cambridge University Press. p. 21. ^ Douglas, Yellowlees (1 May 2016). "The real malady of Marcel Proust and what it reveals about diagnostic errors in medicine". Medical Hypotheses. 90: 14–18. doi:10.1016/j.mehy.2016.02.024. ISSN 1532-2777. PMID 27063078. ^ Karlin, Daniel (2005) Proust's English; p. 36 ^ "RORATE CÆLI: THE DEATH OF CATHEDRALS - and the Rites for which they were built - by Marcel Proust (Full English translation)". ^ White, Edmund (1999). Marcel Proust, a life. Penguin. p. 2. ISBN 9780143114987. ^ Alexander, Patrick (2009). Marcel Proust's Search for Lost Time: A Reader's Guide to The Remembrance of Things Past. Knopf Doubleday. p. 5. ISBN 978-0-307-47560-2. ^ Tadié, J-Y. (Euan Cameron, trans.) Marcel Proust: A Life. p. 611 ^ « Marcel Proust paid for reviews praising his work to go into newspapers », Agence France-Presse in The Guardian, 28 septembre 2017, online. Further reading[edit] Aciman, André (2004), The Proust Project. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux Adams, William Howard; Paul Nadar (photo.), A Proust Souvenir. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson (1984) Adorno, Theodor (1967), Prisms. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press Adorno, Theodor, "Short Commentaries on Proust," Notes to Literature, trans. S. Weber-Nicholsen (New York: Columbia University Press, 1991). Albaret, Céleste (Barbara Bray, trans.) (2003), Monsieur Proust. New York: New York Review Books Beckett, Samuel, Proust, London: Calder Benjamin, Walter, "The Image of Proust," Illuminations, trans. Harry Zohn (New York: Schocken Books, 1969); pp. 201–215. Bernard, Anne-Marie (2002), The World of Proust, as seen by Paul Nadar. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press Bersani, Leo, Marcel Proust: The Fictions of Life and of Art (2013), Oxford: Oxford U. Press Bowie, Malcolm, Proust Among the Stars, London: Harper Collins Capetanakis, Demetrios, "A Lecture on Proust", in Demetrios Capetanakis A Greek Poet in England (1947) Carter, William C. (2002), Marcel Proust: A Life. New Haven: Yale University Press Carter, William C. (2006), Proust in Love. New Haven: Yale University Press Chardin, Philippe (2006), Proust ou le bonheur du petit personnage qui compare. Paris: Honoré Champion Chardin, Philippe et alii (2010), Originalités proustiennes. Paris: Kimé Compagnon, Antoine, Proust Between Two Centuries, Columbia U. Press Czapski, Józef (2018) Lost Time. Lectures on Proust in a Soviet Prison Camp. New York: New York Review Books. 90 pp. ISBN 978-1-68137-258-7 Davenport-Hines, Richard (2006), A Night at the Majestic. London: Faber and Faber ISBN 9780571220090 De Botton, Alain (1998), How Proust Can Change Your Life. New York: Vintage Books Deleuze, Gilles (2004), Proust and Signs: the complete text. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press De Man, Paul (1979), Allegories of Reading: Figural Language in Rousseau, Nietzsche, Rilke, and Proust ISBN 0-300-02845-8 Descombes, Vincent, Proust: Philosophy of the Novel. Stanford, CA: Stanford U. Press Forssgren, Ernest A. (William C. Carter, ed.) (2006), The Memoirs of Ernest A. Forssgren: Proust's Swedish Valet. New Haven: Yale University Press Foschini, Lorenza, Proust's Overcoat: The True Story of One Man's Passion for All Things Proust. London: Portobello Books (2010) Genette, Gérard, Narrative Discourse: An Essay in Method. Ithaca, NY: Cornell U. Press Gracq, Julien, "Proust Considered as An End Point," in Reading Writing (New York: Turtle Point Press,), 113–130. Green, F. C. The Mind of Proust (1949) Harris, Frederick J. (2002), Friend and Foe: Marcel Proust and André Gide. Lanham: University Press of America Hayman, Ronald (1990), Proust. A Biography. London: William Heinemann Hillerin, Laure La comtesse Greffulhe, L'ombre des Guermantes Archived 19 October 2014 at the Wayback Machine, Paris, Flammarion, 2014. Part V, La Chambre Noire des Guermantes. About Marcel Proust and comtesse Greffulhe's relationship, and the key role she played in the genesis of La Recherche. Karlin, Daniel (2005), Proust's English. Oxford: Oxford University Press ISBN 978-0199256884 Kristeva, Julia, Time and Sense. Proust and the Experience of Literature. New York: Columbia U. Press, 1996 Ladenson, Elisabeth (1991), Proust's Lesbianism. Ithaca, NY: Cornell U. Press Landy, Joshua, Philosophy as Fiction: Self, Deception, and Knowledge in Proust. Oxford: Oxford U. Press O'Brien, Justin. "Albertine the Ambiguous: Notes on Proust's Transposition of Sexes", PMLA 64: 933–52, 1949 Painter, George D. (1959), Marcel Proust: A Biography; Vols. 1 & 2. London: Chatto & Windus Poulet, Georges, Proustian Space. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins U. Press Prendergast, Christopher Mirages and Mad Beliefs: Proust the Skeptic ISBN 9780691155203 Sedgwick, Eve Kosofsky (1992), "Epistemology of the Closet". Berkeley: University of California Press Shattuck, Roger (1963), Proust's Binoculars: a study of memory, time, and recognition in "À la recherche du temps perdu". New York: Random House Spitzer, Leo, "Proust's Style," [1928] in Essays in Stylistics (Princeton, Princeton U. P., 1948). Shattuck, Roger (2000), Proust's Way: a field guide to "In Search of Lost Time". New York: W. W. Norton Tadié, Jean-Yves (2000), Marcel Proust: A Life. New York: Viking White, Edmund (1998), Marcel Proust. New York: Viking Books External links[edit] Marcel Proust at Wikipedia's sister projects Media from CommonsQuotations from WikiquoteTexts from WikisourceData from Wikidata Marcel Proust at Curlie BBC audio file. In Our Time discussion, Radio 4. The Kolb-Proust Archive for Research. University of Illinois. Works by Marcel Proust in eBook form at Standard Ebooks Works by Marcel Proust at Project Gutenberg Works by Marcel Proust at Faded Page (Canada) Works by Marcel Proust at Project Gutenberg Australia Works by or about Marcel Proust at Internet Archive Works by Marcel Proust at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks) Works by Marcel Proust at Open Library The Album of Marcel Proust, Marcel Proust receives a tribute in this album of "recomposed photographs". Rothstein, Edward (14 February 2013). "Swann's Way Exhibited at The Morgan Library". The New York Times. "Why Proust? And Why Now?". The New York Times. 13 April 2000. – Essay on the lasting relevance of Proust and his work. University of Adelaide Library French text of volumes 1–4 and the complete novel in English translation vteThe writings of Marcel ProustIn Search of Lost Time Du côté de chez Swann À l'ombre des jeunes filles en fleurs Le Côté de Guermantes Sodome et Gomorrhe La Prisonnière Albertine disparue Le Temps retrouvé Novels and essays Les plaisirs et les jours Pastiches et mélanges Contre Sainte-Beuve Jean Santeuil vteMarcel Proust's In Search of Lost TimeFilm Swann in Love (1984) Time Regained (1999) À la recherche du temps perdu (2011) Stage Remembrance of Things Past (2000) My Life with Albertine (2003) Related Albertine vteLaureates of the Prix Goncourt1903–1925 1903 John Antoine Nau 1904 Léon Frapié 1905 Claude Farrère 1906 Jérôme Tharaud and Jean Tharaud 1907 Émile Moselly 1908 Francis de Miomandre 1909 Marius-Ary Leblond 1910 Louis Pergaud 1911 Alphonse de Châteaubriant 1912 André Savignon 1913 Marc Elder 1914 Adrien Bertrand 1915 René Benjamin 1916 Henri Barbusse 1917 Henry Malherbe 1918 Georges Duhamel 1919 Marcel Proust 1920 Ernest Pérochon 1921 René Maran 1922 Henri Béraud 1923 Lucien Fabre 1924 Thierry Sandre 1925 Maurice Genevoix 1926–1950 1926 Henri Deberly 1927 Maurice Bedel 1928 Maurice Constantin-Weyer 1929 Marcel Arland 1930 Henri Fauconnier 1931 Jean Fayard 1932 Guy Mazeline 1933 André Malraux 1934 Roger Vercel 1935 Joseph Peyré 1936 Maxence Van der Meersch 1937 Charles Plisnier 1938 Henri Troyat 1939 Philippe Hériat 1940 Francis Ambrière 1941 Henri Pourrat 1942 Marc Bernard 1943 Marius Grout 1944 Elsa Triolet 1945 Jean-Louis Bory 1946 Jean-Jacques Gautier 1947 Jean-Louis Curtis 1948 Maurice Druon 1949 Robert Merle 1950 Paul Colin 1951–1975 1951 Julien Gracq 1952 Béatrix Beck 1953 Pierre Gascar 1954 Simone de Beauvoir 1955 Roger Ikor 1956 Romain Gary 1957 Roger Vailland 1958 Francis Walder 1959 André Schwarz-Bart 1960 Vintilă Horia 1961 Jean Cau 1962 Anna Langfus 1963 Armand Lanoux 1964 Georges Conchon 1965 Jacques Borel 1966 Edmonde Charles-Roux 1967 André Pieyre de Mandiargues 1968 Bernard Clavel 1969 Félicien Marceau 1970 Michel Tournier 1971 Jacques Laurent 1972 Jean Carrière 1973 Jacques Chessex 1974 Pascal Lainé 1975 Émile Ajar (Romain Gary) 1976–2000 1976 Patrick Grainville 1977 Didier Decoin 1978 Patrick Modiano 1979 Antonine Maillet 1980 Yves Navarre 1981 Lucien Bodard 1982 Dominique Fernandez 1983 Frédérick Tristan 1984 Marguerite Duras 1985 Yann Queffélec 1986 Michel Host 1987 Tahar Ben Jelloun 1988 Érik Orsenna 1989 Jean Vautrin 1990 Jean Rouaud 1991 Pierre Combescot 1992 Patrick Chamoiseau 1993 Amin Maalouf 1994 Didier Van Cauwelaert 1995 Andreï Makine 1996 Pascale Roze 1997 Patrick Rambaud 1998 Paule Constant 1999 Jean Echenoz 2000 Jean-Jacques Schuhl 2001–present 2001 Jean-Christophe Rufin 2002 Pascal Quignard 2003 Jacques-Pierre Amette 2004 Laurent Gaudé 2005 François Weyergans 2006 Jonathan Littell 2007 Gilles Leroy 2008 Atiq Rahimi 2009 Marie NDiaye 2010 Michel Houellebecq 2011 Alexis Jenni 2012 Jérôme Ferrari 2013 Pierre Lemaitre 2014 Lydie Salvayre 2015 Mathias Énard 2016 Leïla Slimani 2017 Éric Vuillard 2018 Nicolas Mathieu 2019 Jean-Paul Dubois 2020 Hervé Le Tellier 2021 Mohamed Mbougar Sarr 2022 Brigitte Giraud 2023 Jean-Baptiste Andrea vteModernismMovements Acmeism Art Deco Art Nouveau Ashcan School Constructivism Cubism Dada Expressionism Der Blaue Reiter Die Brücke Music Fauvism Functionalism Bauhaus Futurism Imagism Lettrism Neoplasticism De Stijl Orphism Surrealism Symbolism Synchromism Tonalism Literary artsLiterature Apollinaire Barnes Beckett Bely Breton Broch Bulgakov Chekhov Conrad Döblin Forster Faulkner Flaubert Ford Gide Hamsun Hašek Hemingway Hesse Joyce Kafka Koestler Lawrence Mann Mansfield Marinetti Musil Dos Passos Platonov Porter Proust Stein Svevo Unamuno Woolf Poetry Akhmatova Aldington Auden Cavafy Cendrars Crane H.D. Desnos Eliot Éluard Elytis George Jacob Lorca Lowell (Amy) Lowell (Robert) Mallarmé Moore Owen Pessoa Pound Rilke Seferis Stevens Thomas Tzara Valéry Williams Yeats Works In Search of Lost Time (1913–1927) The Metamorphosis (1915) Ulysses (1922) The Waste Land (1922) The Magic Mountain (1924) Mrs Dalloway (1925) The Sun Also Rises (1926) The Master and Margarita (1928–1940) The Sound and the Fury (1929) Visual artsPainting Albers Arp Balthus Bellows Boccioni Bonnard Brâncuși Braque Calder Cassatt Cézanne Chagall Chirico Claudel Dalí Degas Kooning Delaunay Delaunay Demuth Dix Doesburg Duchamp Dufy Ensor Ernst Gauguin Giacometti van Gogh Goncharova Gris Grosz Höch Hopper Kahlo Kandinsky Kirchner Klee Kokoschka Léger Magritte Malevich Manet Marc Matisse Metzinger Miró Modigliani Mondrian Monet Moore Munch Nolde O'Keeffe Picabia Picasso Pissarro Ray Redon Renoir Rodin Rousseau Schiele Seurat Signac Sisley Soutine Steichen Stieglitz Toulouse-Lautrec Vuillard Wood Film Akerman Aldrich Antonioni Avery Bergman Bresson Buñuel Carné Cassavetes Chaplin Clair Cocteau Dassin Deren Dovzhenko Dreyer Edwards Eisenstein Epstein Fassbinder Fellini Flaherty Ford Fuller Gance Godard Hitchcock Hubley Jones Keaton Kubrick Kuleshov Kurosawa Lang Losey Lupino Marker Minnelli Murnau Ozu Pabst Pudovkin Ray (Nicholas) Ray (Satyajit) Resnais Renoir Richardson Rossellini Sirk Sjöström Sternberg Tarkovsky Tati Trnka Truffaut Varda Vertov Vigo Welles Wiene Wood Architecture Breuer Bunshaft Gaudí Gropius Guimard Horta Hundertwasser Johnson Kahn Le Corbusier Loos Melnikov Mendelsohn Nervi Neutra Niemeyer Rietveld Saarinen Steiner Sullivan Tatlin Mies Wright Works A Sunday Afternoon on the Island of La Grande Jatte (1886) Mont Sainte-Victoir (1887) The Starry Night (1889) Les Demoiselles d'Avignon (1907) The Dance (1909–1910) Nude Descending a Staircase, No. 2 (1912) Black Square (1915) The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari (1920) Ballet Mécanique (1923) Battleship Potemkin (1925) Metropolis (1927) Un Chien Andalou (1929) Villa Savoye (1931) Fallingwater (1936) Citizen Kane (1941) Meshes of the Afternoon (1943) PerformingartsMusic Antheil Bartók Berg Berio Boulanger Boulez Copland Debussy Dutilleux Feldman Górecki Hindemith Honegger Ives Janáček Ligeti Lutosławski Milhaud Nono Partch Russolo Satie Schaeffer Schoenberg Scriabin Stockhausen Strauss Stravinsky Szymanowski Varèse Villa-Lobos Webern Weill Theatre Anderson Anouilh Artaud Beckett Brecht Chekhov Ibsen Jarry Kaiser Maeterlinck Mayakovsky O'Casey O'Neill Osborne Pirandello Piscator Strindberg Toller Wedekind Wilder Witkiewicz Dance Balanchine Cunningham Diaghilev Duncan Fokine Fuller Graham Holm Massine Nijinsky Shawn Sokolow St. Denis Tamiris Wiesenthal Wigman Works Don Juan (1888) Ubu Roi (1896) Verklärte Nacht (1899) Pelléas et Mélisande (1902) Salome (1905) The Firebird (1910) Afternoon of a Faun (1912) The Rite of Spring (1913) Fountain (1917) Six Characters in Search of an Author (1921) The Threepenny Opera (1928) Waiting for Godot (1953) Related American modernism Armory Show Avant-garde Ballets Russes Bloomsbury Group Buddhist modernism Classical Hollywood cinema Degenerate art Ecomodernism Experimental film Film noir Fourth dimension in art Fourth dimension in literature Grosvenor School of Modern Art Hanshinkan Modernism High modernism Hippie modernism Impressionism Music Literature Post- Incoherents International Style Late modernism Late modernity List of art movements List of avant-garde artists List of modernist poets Maximalism Modernity Neo-primitivism Neo-romanticism New Hollywood New Objectivity Poetic realism Postmodern music Postmodernism Film Television Pulp noir Reactionary modernism Metamodernism Remodernism Second Viennese School Structural film Underground film Vulgar modernism ← Romanticism Category Portals: Biography France LGBT Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Norway Chile Spain France BnF data Argentina Catalonia Germany Italy Israel Belgium United States Sweden Latvia Japan Czech Republic Australia Greece Korea Croatia Netherlands Poland Portugal Vatican Academics CiNii Artists KulturNav MusicBrainz RKD Artists ULAN People Deutsche Biographie Trove Other SNAC IdRef