American social reformer and suffragist (1859–1947) Carrie Chapman CattCatt in 1913BornCarrie Clinton Lane(1859-01-09)January 9, 1859Ripon, Wisconsin, U.S.DiedMarch 9, 1947(1947-03-09) (aged 88)New Rochelle, New York, U.S.Resting placeWoodlawn CemeteryEducationIowa State University (1880)Spouses Leo Chapman ​ ​(m. 1885; died 1886)​ George Catt ​ ​(m. 1890; died 1905)​ PartnerMary Garrett HaySignature Carrie Lane Chapman Catt Girlhood Home with Suffrage Trail Marker visible. Charles City, Iowa. Photo uploaded with permission of the National Nineteenth Amendment Society. Carrie Chapman Catt (born Carrie Clinton Lane; January 9, 1859[1] – March 9, 1947) was an American women's suffrage leader who campaigned for the Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, which gave U.S. women the right to vote in 1920.[2] Catt served as president of the National American Woman Suffrage Association from 1900 to 1904 and 1915 to 1920. She founded the League of Women Voters in 1920 and the International Woman Suffrage Alliance in 1904,[3] which was later named International Alliance of Women. She "led an army of voteless women in 1919 to pressure Congress to pass the constitutional amendment giving them the right to vote and convinced state legislatures to ratify it in 1920". She "was one of the best-known women in the United States in the first half of the twentieth century and was on all lists of famous American women."[4] Early life[edit] Carrie Clinton Lane was born on January 9, 1859, in Ripon, Wisconsin,[1] the daughter of Maria Louisa (née Clinton) and Lucius Lane. When Catt was seven years old, her family moved to rural Charles City, Iowa. As a child, Catt was interested in science and wanted to become a doctor. After graduating from high school in 1877, she enrolled at Iowa Agricultural College (now Iowa State University) in Ames, Iowa.[5] Catt circa 1901 Catt's father was initially reluctant to allow her to attend college, but he relented, contributing only a part of the costs.[6] To pay her expenses, Catt worked as a dishwasher, in the school library, and as a teacher at rural schools during school breaks. Her freshman class consisted of 27 students, six of whom were female.[6] Catt joined the Crescent Literary Society, a student organization aimed at advancing student learning skills and self-confidence. Although only men were allowed to speak extemporaneously in meetings, Catt demanded to be allowed to do the same thing. This started a discussion about women's participation in the group and ultimately led to women gaining the right to speak in meetings.[7] Catt was also a member of Pi Beta Phi,[8] started an all girls' debate club, and advocated for women's participation in military drills.[9] After four years at Iowa State, Catt graduated on November 10, 1880, with a Bachelor of Science degree,[10] the only female in her graduating class. Iowa State did not name valedictorians during Catt's time there, so there is no way to know her class rank.[11][12] She worked as a law clerk after graduating, then she became a teacher and then superintendent of schools in Mason City, Iowa, in 1885. She was the first female superintendent of the district.[13] In February 1885, Catt married newspaper editor Leo Chapman. She remained with her parents on the family farm in Iowa when her husband traveled to California to find a job and a place for them to live. Catt left for California after receiving a telegram that her husband was ill with typhoid fever. While she was en route, Catt learned that her husband died in August 1886.[14][15] She remained for a while in San Francisco, where she wrote freelance articles and canvassed for newspaper ads, but she returned to Iowa in 1887.[14][16] She was a young widow of 28- and 29-years old when she wrote "Zenobia" (1887) and "The American Sovereign" (1888).[16] In 1890, she married George Catt, a wealthy engineer and alumnus of Iowa State University.[14] Catt continued to lecture and wrote "Subject and Sovereign"[17] in 1893 and "Danger to Our Government" in 1894.[18] George Catt also encouraged her involvement in women's suffrage. Their marriage allowed her to spend a good part of each year on the road campaigning for suffrage, a cause she had become involved with during the late 1880s.[19] Role in women's suffrage[edit] National American Woman Suffrage Association[edit] Early years[edit] In 1887, Catt returned to Charles City, where she had grown up, and became involved in the Iowa Woman Suffrage Association. From 1890-92, Catt served as the Iowa association's state organizer and group's recording secretary. During her time in office, Catt began working nationally for the National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA), and was a speaker at its 1890 convention in Washington, D.C. In 1892, Susan B. Anthony asked Catt to address Congress on the proposed woman's suffrage amendment.[20][21] After working her first suffrage campaign in South Dakota in 1890, which went down in defeat, Catt was asked to coordinate the suffrage campaign in Colorado. She arrived in Denver in early September 1893 and worked until Election Day. Catt traveled more than a thousand miles throughout the Rockies during the next two months and visited 29 of Colorado's 63 counties.[22] Colorado passed women's suffrage in November 1893, becoming the second state to give women the right to vote and the first where suffrage was won by popular vote.[citation needed] By the 1895 national convention of the NAWSA, Catt was proposing major changes in the structure of the organization. "The great need of the hour is organization. Suffrage is today the strongest reform there is in this country, but it is represented by the weakest organization", the Woman's Journal reported.[23]"Catt organized and then headed a new Organization Committee with a budget of $5,000 and power so extensive that it became the center of women suffrage in the United States."[24] The 1896 NAWSA Convention was notable for its debate about Elizabeth Cady Stanton's book, The Woman's Bible, in which Stanton challenged traditional religious beliefs that women are inferior to men and should be passive. Many NAWSA members feared that the book would damage the suffrage movement by alienating its more orthodox members. Catt and Anthony, NAWSA's president at the time, met with Stanton prior to its publication to voice their concerns, but Stanton was unmoved.[25] Catt and another future NAWSA president, Anna Howard Shaw, supported a resolution stating that "NAWSA has no official connection with the so-called Woman's Bible."[26] During the 1898 national convention of the NAWSA, one of the most outstanding speakers was African American activist Mary Church Terrell. She and Catt first became acquainted at that time and formed a life-long friendship. First presidency, 1900–1904[edit] In 1900, Catt became president of the NAWSA as Susan B. Anthony's handpicked successor. Anthony knew Catt had the skills to carry the movement forward and her election to the presidency was nearly unanimous.[27] She served her first term as NAWSA president until 1904, when she stepped down to care for her ailing husband, George Catt, who died in 1905. In her first year as NAWSA president, she led a delegation to the 1900 Republican Party national convention where the suffragists were allowed 10 minutes to speak. The Democrats refused to hear them at all.[28] That year in Oregon, a second campaign for woman suffrage failed.[29] During the winter of 1902–1903, Catt worked the New Hampshire amendment campaign in the midst of bitter cold, but lost by a vote of 14,162 to 21,788.[30] In 1902, Catt called for an international meeting of women that would coincide with the annual convention of NAWSA. Seven of the eight countries with women's suffrage sent delegates. Representatives from Chile, Hungary, Russia, Turkey and Switzerland also attended. Vida Goldstein of Australia, Florence Fenwick Miller of England, and Catt together wrote a Declaration of Principles that all the delegates signed that included this statement: "That men and women are born equally free and independent members of the human race; equally endowed with talents and intelligence, and equally entitled to the free exercise of their individual rights and liberty."[31] This formed the beginning of the International Woman Suffrage Alliance, an organization that exists today as the International Alliance for Women.[32] During the national NAWSA convention held in New Orleans in 1903, Catt and Anthony were attacked by the press for allowing black membership in NAWSA and, in the case of Anthony, for permitting a letter she had written to be read before an all-black audience in New York City. Southern delegates made speeches calling for only white women to have the vote. Catt's reply: "We are all of us apt to be arrogant on the score of our Anglo-Saxon blood but we must remember that ages ago the ancestors of the Anglo-Saxons were regarded as so low and embruted that the Romans refused to have them for slaves. The Anglo-Saxon is the dominant race today but things may change. The race that will be dominant through the ages will be the one that proves itself the most worthy. ... Miss Kearney is right in saying that the race problem is the problem of the whole country and not that of the South alone. The responsibility for it is partly ours but if the North shipped slaves to the South and sold them, remember that the North has sent some money since then into the South to help undo part of the wrong that it did to you and to them. Let us try to get nearer together and to understand each other's ideas on the race question and solve it together."[33][34] Second presidency, 1915–1920[edit] Catt was reelected as NAWSA president in 1915, following Shaw's presidency. Under her leadership, Catt increased the size and influence of the organization.[20] In 1916, at the NAWSA convention in Atlantic City, New Jersey, she unveiled her "Winning Plan", to "make the Federal Amendment our ultimate aim and work in the States a program of preparedness to win nation-wide suffrage by amendment of the National Constitution."[35] According to suffragist Maud Wood Park, who was NAWSA's chief lobbyist at this time, Catt's Winning Plan had four components: First, the states where women had presidential suffrage would lobby their state legislatures to send resolutions to Congress in support of a federal amendment. Second, women living in states where they might secure suffrage by state action would attempt to secure it. Third, suffragists in most states would advocate for presidential suffrage, and fourth, Southern states would advocate for primary suffrage.[36] Anna Howard Shaw and Carrie Chapman Catt in 1917 Under Catt's leadership, the movement focused on success by first working for women's suffrage in New York state. Before 1917, only western states had granted female suffrage. After a 1915 campaign failed to win women in New York the right to vote, Catt redoubled her efforts that resulted in the state approving suffrage in 1917.[37] Although Catt, as a resident of New York, now had obtained full suffrage, she kept working toward a federal suffrage amendment. Also in 1917, President Woodrow Wilson went before a joint session of Congress to request a declaration of war against Germany. Both the Senate and House voted to approved the United States' entry into World War I.[38] Catt made the controversial decision to support the war effort, which shifted the public's perception in favor of the suffragists who were now perceived as patriotic.[39] The suffrage movement received the support of President Wilson in January 1918. On January 10, 1918, the House voted on the suffrage amendment, which passed by one more vote needed for the required 2/3 majority. The following day, Catt wrote all of the state suffrage association presidents asking them to begin work at once to win the votes of the U.S. Senators.[40] The vote in the Senate was finally taken on October 1, 1918, and the proposed amendment lost by two votes. On November 11, 1918, the armistice ending World War I was declared.[41] During a second vote in the Senate on February 10, 1919, the women's suffrage amendment lost by one vote.[42] However, during the 1918 election, suffrage supporters were elected to Congress through targeted efforts by leaders in the movement. The suffrage question came up again before the House on May 21, 1919, and this time it passed by a vote of 304 ayes and 89 nays. The amendment then moved to the Senate, where it passed the needed 2/3 majority by only two votes on June 4. Mary Garrett Hay wrote that "CCC danced all over the place and then settled down to THINK."[43] Catt led the battle for ratification of the 19th Amendment, which required the approval of 36 state legislatures (3/4 of the then 48 states.) She urged friends of the amendment not to allow it to come to a vote in their state unless they were sure it would pass. However, opponents introduced the bill into their state legislatures and, one by one, Southern states voted the measure down in Georgia, Alabama, Virginia, Maryland, South Carolina, Delaware, Florida, North Carolina, Louisiana and Mississippi. The governors of Connecticut and Vermont refused to call their legislatures into session to vote on the issue. One more state loss and the amendment would be defeated.[44] The final battle took place in the state of Tennessee and Catt was there to lead the campaign through the hot summer months in Nashville in 1920. She wrote to the Woman Citizen, "Never in the history of politics has there been such a force for evil, such a nefarious lobby as labored to block the advance of suffrage in Nashville, Tenn. ... They appropriated our telegrams, tapped our telephones, listened outside our windows and transoms. They attacked our private and public lives." The vote count was so close that each side believed it could easily be defeated. The proposed amendment easily passed the Tennessee Senate, but then moved to the House where – after many delays and many days of debate – it passed by one vote.[45][46] At her welcome home reception in New York City, Catt said: "Now that we have the vote let us remember we are no longer petitioners. We are not wards of the nation, but free and equal citizens. Let us do our part to keep it a true and triumphant democracy."[45] After endless lobbying by Catt and the NAWSA, the suffrage movement culminated in the adoption of the 19th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution on August 26, 1920. The 19th Amendment enfranchised 27 million women, making it the largest single expansion of voting rights in American history.[47] Catt retired from her national suffrage work after the 19th Amendment was ratified in 1920. Before she retired, she established the League of Women Voters on February 14, 1920, at the NAWSA national convention in Chicago to encourage women to use their right to vote. In 1923, with Nettie Rogers Shuler, she published Woman Suffrage and Politics: The Inner Story of the Suffrage Movement.[48] International women's suffrage movement[edit] Suffrage Alliance Congress with Millicent Fawcett presiding, London 1909. Top row from left: Thora Dangaard (Denmark), Louise Qvam (Norway), Aletta Jacobs (Netherlands), Annie Furuhjelm (Finland), Madame Mirowitch (Russia), Käthe Schirmacher (Germany), Madame Honneger, unidentified. Bottom left: Unidentified, Anna Bugge (Sweden), Anna Howard Shaw (U.S.), Millicent Fawcett (Presiding, England), Carrie Chapman Catt (U.S.), F. M. Qvam (Norway), Anita Augspurg (Germany). Catt was also a leader of the international women's suffrage movement. She helped to found the International Woman Suffrage Alliance (IWSA) in 1902, which eventually incorporated sympathetic associations in 32 nations.[20] She served as its president from 1904 until 1923. After George Catt's death in 1905, Catt spent much of the following eight years as IWSA president promoting equal-suffrage rights worldwide. After she retired from NAWSA, she continued to help women around the world to gain the right to vote. The IWSA remains in existence today, now as the International Alliance of Women, with 31 full members and 24 associate members.[49] Catt first had the idea of an international woman suffrage organization in 1900; by 1902 she decided to begin with an exploratory meeting of women from as many countries as possible.[50] The first meeting of the IWSA was held in Berlin, Germany, with 33 delegates present. Catt was elected president. African American suffragist Mary Church Terrell was one of the delegates from the United States and addressed the meeting in three languages. Each international meeting was held in a different city, membership grew, and successes in women's rights were reported and discussed. The international meeting held in Budapest in 1913 was the largest in the history of the organization, with 500 delegates attending. The world's press had 230 representatives and 2,800 visitors came to listen and learn.[3] Following her first term as president of NAWSA, Catt engaged in international suffrage work from 1906 to 1913. On a single trip around the world from departure from New York on April 1, 1911, to arrival in San Francisco on November 4, 1912, Catt spoke and/or organized women's suffrage organizations in South Africa (Cape Town, Johannesburg, Durban, Pretoria and a Kaffir kraal in Maritzburg); up the east coast of Africa to Zanzibar, Tanzania and Port Said; Egypt; then on to Jericho, Jordan, Riyaq and Beirut, Lebanon, and to Cairo, where she departed for Ceylon; then India, starting in Agra and leaving the continent in Rangoon, Myanmar (Burma). From there, it was on to Java, Sumatra, Jakarta, Indonesia, the island of Sulawesi and the Philippines. One of the last countries on Catt's travels was China, where she visited Hong Kong, Shanghai, Peking, Nanking, and Hankow. She then traveled to Korea, Japan, Hawaii, and across the Pacific back to San Francisco.[51] Due to the outbreak of World War I, 1913 would be the last meeting of the IWSA for some years. Three days after the armistice ending the war in 1918, Catt planned to resume the meetings of the IWSA. The 1920 meeting took place in Geneva and more than 400 women met, including delegates from Germany, France, Japan, China, India and the United States. The board asked women of the enfranchised countries to help further the vote in countries without the vote. The United States was to organize efforts in Jamaica, Cuba and South America, which was the only continent where no women had the vote. A member of the League of Woman Voters suggested that a Pan-American conference be held in 1922. After three days of round-table discussions, Catt had organized the Pan-American Association for the Advancement of Women (National Liga para la Emancipacion de la Mujer). Its objectives included educational opportunities for women, the right to have equal guardianship with husbands of their children and the right to vote.[52] The following year, Catt traveled to Brazil, Argentina, Uruguay, Chile, Peru and Panama. She concluded, "I never did a piece of work which has so interested and stimulated my desires to help as this."[53] While visiting Peru in March 1923, Catt founded the National Council of Women in Action, which lobbied for women's suffrage in Peru until they succeeded in 1956.[54] Although Catt retired from the presidency of the IWSA in 1923, she continued to attend its meetings in various parts of the world. Catt and the League of Women Voters[edit] Catt founded the League of Women Voters on February 14, 1920 – six months before the ratification of the 19th Amendment – during the annual convention of the National American Woman Suffrage Association in Chicago, Illinois. However, she had outlined the purpose and goals of such an organization a year earlier at the 1919 NAWSA meeting in St. Louis, Missouri. In her presidential address on March 24, 1919, at the NAWSA convention, Catt said: "Let us raise up a League of Women Voters – the name and form of organization to be determined by the voters themselves; a League that shall be non-partisan and non-sectarian in character and that shall be consecrated to three chief aims: To use its utmost influence to secure the final enfranchisement of the women of every state in our own Republic and to reach out across the seas in aid of the women's struggle for her own in every land. To remove the remaining legal discriminations against women in the codes and constitutions of the several states in order that the feet of coming women may find these stumbling blocks removed. To make our democracy so safe for the Nation and so safe for the world, that every citizen may feel secure and great men will acknowledge the worthiness of the American Republic to lead."[55] In fall 1919, Catt promoted ratification of the 19th Amendment – which had been passed by Congress earlier that year – by the states and explained the purpose of the League of Women Voters on a "Wake Up America" tour. Wearing her refurbished "ratification dress," Catt spoke at 14 conferences in 13 western and Midwestern states in eight weeks. Her group also met with women and visited state capitals to see governors and other important state officials.[56] By the time of NAWSA's "victory convention," which met February 12–18, 1920, in Chicago, 31 of the required 36 states had ratified the 19th Amendment.[57] The 1920 convention marked the completion of NAWSA's work, except for a small board to make final disposition of records and assets, and the beginning of the League of Women Voters.[58] During the 1920 convention, Catt honored pioneers of the movement – including past NAWSA presidents Anna Howard Shaw and Susan B. Anthony – for their "ever buoyant hope" and "unswerving courage and determination." She also wanted the convention to "express the joy of the present" and "ask what political parties wanted of women and they of the parties." In an inspirational speech to the 700 members present, Catt outlined the plan and purpose of the League. She emphasized that its objective was not to seek power in organization, but to "foster education in citizenship and to support legislation." Every woman was encouraged to become a registered voter and work within the party of her choice. However, she emphasized that "as an organization," the League "shall be allied with and support no party." Catt continued that the League "must be nonpartisan and all partisan" in leading the way – ahead of the political parties – to educate for citizenship and get legislation passed."[59][60] At the 1920 convention, the League's constitution with details for membership, officers, representation and budget was approved. According to Van Voris, "Catt insisted she did not want to lead the new work, that was for younger and fresher women. ‘For thirty years and a little more, I have worked with you in the first lap of this struggle toward women's emancipation,' she said." Maud Wood Parks was elected president of the League of Women Voters with Catt accepting the title of "honorary chairman." Convention delegates also surprised Catt with a brooch consisting of a large sapphire surrounded by diamonds for her "distinguished service." National's parting gift to Catt was funded by thousands of individual contributions – including dimes, nickels and even pennies – from public subscription. Even schoolchildren contributed to the gift.[61] In addition to the national League, women's suffrage organizations in the states also reorganized as state leagues of women voters in 1920. In 2020, the League of Women Voters comprises a national organization and more than 700 state and local leagues in all 50 states, the District of Columbia, the Virgin Islands and Hong Kong. According to its website, Leagues "work year-round to register new voters, host community forums and debates, and provide voters with election information they need. We engage at the local and state levels on legislative priorities and efforts to improve our elections."[62] Role during the world wars[edit] Juniper Ledge Catt's home in Paine Heights section of New Rochelle Catt was active in anti-war causes during the 1920s and 1930s. Upon the outbreak of World War I in 1915, a group of women pacifists in the United States began talking about the need to form an organization to help bring the conflict to an end. On January 10, 1915, more than 3,000 women attended a meeting at the Willard Hotel in Washington, D.C., called by Catt and fellow suffragist Jane Addams. They formed the Women's Peace Party, with Addams elected as chairman and Catt as honorary chairman.[63] On February 25, 1917, by a vote of 63 to 18, NAWSA – with Catt as its president – offered the women's services to the government of the United States "in the event they should be needed, and in so far as we are authorized, we pledge the loyal support of our more than two million members." NAWSA made clear that its work for suffrage would continue since it was "the protective of all other rights."[64] On April 2, 1917, President Wilson went before Congress to request a declaration of war. The position paper from NAWSA with Catt as its president led to her ejection from the Woman's Peace Party as well as hard feelings between her and its small cohort of pacifists.[65] After the Nineteenth Amendment was ratified, granting women in the United States the right to vote, Catt returned to the peace movement. Because she did not want to join any existing organization, Catt and representatives of nine national women's organizations founded their own organization, the National Committee on the Cause and Cure of War (NCCCW).[66] The group first met in spring 1924 and chose Catt to be its leader. The group divided the causes of war into four categories: psychological, economic, political, and social and contributory. They did not include the exclusion of women from politics and the public sphere as a cause, even though they believed in equality for women. The organization believed that it was their job as women to end wars because women were seen as morally courageous, in contrast to their male counterparts who were viewed as physically courageous.[66] The NCCCW held its first conference in Washington, D.C., in January 1925, with 450 delegates in attendance.[67] Eleanor Roosevelt attended as a delegate from the General Federation of Women's Clubs.[68] Catt told the delegates, "Sooner or later the white races must disgorge some of their spoils and give a place to the other races of the world. We stole land – whole continents; we stole it at the point of swords and guns; and we might as well understand that we must not have an acre to a man while they have an inch to a man. We must leave the door open to whatever arrangements we may make for peace in order that justice can be done to all the races on all the continents."[69] In 1932, Catt resigned as chair of the NCCCW, but kept attending meetings, making speeches and supporting the cause of peace. However, she recognized that another war would soon engulf the world. By 1941, when it was clear that the United States would soon enter the war, the NCCCW fell apart. Five of the member organizations had withdrawn and the biennial conference was cancelled for lack of funds. In spring 1943, the NCCCW was dissolved. It was succeeded by the Women's Action Committee for Victory and Lasting Peace, which was dedicated to giving support to the idea of the United Nations. According to Jacqueline Van Voris, Catt missed only one NCCCW meeting in its entire existence.[70] In 1933, in response to Adolf Hitler's rise to power, Catt organized the Protest Committee of Non-Jewish Women Against the Persecution of Jews in Germany.[71][72] The group sent a letter of protest to Hitler in August 1933 signed by 9,000 non-Jewish American women.[73] It decried acts of violence and restrictive laws against German Jews. Catt pressured the U.S. government to ease immigration laws so that Jews could more easily take refuge in America. For her efforts, she became the first woman to receive the American Hebrew Medal.[71][74] In 1938, Catt was a charter member of the Provisional Council Against Anti-Semitism, to protest acts of anti-Semitism in the United States in light of the persecution of Jews in Germany.[75] Women's advocates abroad were aware of her reputation – in 1938 she was asked to sign an affidavit in support of leading Hungarian feminists Eugénia Meller and Sarolta Steinberger's request to emigrate to the U.S. Catt had donated money to a fund that supported the Hungarian Feminist Association financially. She declined the affidavit request, noting that was she was old, had taken much responsibility on behalf of friends and associates, and the affidavit would be held against her estate after her death.[76] The last event she helped organize was the Women's Centennial Congress in New York in 1940, a celebration of the feminist movement in the United States.[13] Catt and race[edit] Nativism and anti-immigration[edit] Catt's views on race and immigration evolved over her long life. Early in her career, she espoused nativist sentiments. According to Jacqueline Van Voris, Catt began her public life in the 1880s with three speeches, "Zenobia", "America for Americans", and "The American Sovereign". The latter two echoed anti-immigrant sentiments popular at the time.[77] In the 1890s, when she was active in NAWSA but before becoming president, Catt made public speeches that referred to the "ignorant foreign vote,"[18] and pointed to Native American men's lack of knowledge of representative government.[17] Later, Catt noted that the votes of illiterate men in the South were "purchasable".[78] In the same speeches, Catt blamed, variously, political corruption,[18] a lack of education,[17] or the tragic vestiges of slavery[78] for these groups' shortcomings as voters. Her solutions were education and reform, not disenfranchisement. Even as she decried the "ignorant foreign vote", Catt refers to the "citizens of foreign birth who desire good government", whose "life and property" are threatened by political machines.[18] According to Van Voris, "With a century of hindsight it is easy to see Carrie Chapman's views in the late 1880s as xenophobic oversimplifications that scapegoat immigrants. Nevertheless, both 'America' lectures proved popular and were well received by audiences that included dedicated feminists. In part the attraction to these ideas came from the women's frustration with the laws that denied them the vote while offering it to immigrant men. Catt's dream was of a sober, educated electorate of women and men. Her suspicion of the alien began to dissolve only when she entered international waters a decade later; her dream did not change."[79] Interracial marriage[edit] During the final weeks of the battle for ratification of women's suffrage in Tennessee, Catt was spuriously accused by suffrage opponents of supporting interracial marriage, which was illegal in Tennessee, as well as 30 of the 48 states[80] at the time. After she denied making such a statement, Catt said that interracial marriage was "an absolute crime against nature."[81] According to Elaine Weiss, author of The Woman's Hour: The Great Fight to Win the Vote,[82]Catt was right that mixed-marriage was a toxic topic and woman suffrage could not afford to be in any way associated with it. She'd never said anything about marriage between the races; the allegation was a calculated lie, manufactured by the Antis and mouthed by their man [Herschel] Candler, but it could still be dangerous. She could not afford it to stand. ... When pressed for the source of his allegations about Catt's views on interracial marriage, Candler had to admit he stretched the truth a bit, connected dots in a most haphazard way. He said he'd based his claim on a published interview with Catt in which she was quoted as saying, "Suffrage knows no bias of race, color or sex."Similarly, Catt repeated an argument developed in 1867 by abolitionist and suffragist Henry B. Blackwell,[83] when Catt was eight years old, to refute claims by Southern suffrage opponents that women's suffrage would undermine white supremacy. Catt expressed this argument most fully in 1917. In her book chapter "Objections to the Federal Amendment." Catt wrote, "white supremacy will be strengthened, not weakened by women's suffrage," and used 1910 Census data to argue that white voters (men and women) will outnumber black voters (men and women) in all Southern states other than Mississippi and South Carolina. Catt, however, goes on to state that this argument, along with other objections to the federal amendment, are "ridiculous" and states that "all people must be included."[84] Evolving views on race[edit] In September 1917, the NAWSA Executive Board, under Catt's leadership, passed a resolution "of some importance," which stated, "Resolved, That this board set forth its belief in and its stand for that broad type of American democracy that knows no bias on the ground of race, color, creed or sex; to the end that Americans may stand united, not as Irish-Americans, German-Americans, Negro-Americans, Slav-Americans, and 'the women,' but one and all as Americans for America.[85] In November 1917, Catt called for suffrage for all women in the NAACP's newsletter, The Crisis, stating "the struggle for woman suffrage is not white woman's struggle but every woman's struggle. ... Everybody counts in applying democracy. And there will never be a true democracy until every responsible and law-abiding adult in it, without regard to race, sex, color or creed has his or her own inalienable and unpurchasable voice in the government. That is the democratic goal toward which the world is striving today."[86] As NAWSA President, Catt opposed diluting the 19th Amendment by adding the word "white"[87] or by espousing the alternative Shafroth–Palmer Amendment, which would have allowed states the autonomy to draft suffrage legislation as they saw fit.[88] Similarly, in separate letters written in May 1919, Catt assured the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)[89] and two African American suffragists from Kentucky"[90] that NAWSA opposed any effort to limit the vote to white women only. In her later years, Catt repudiated her earlier nativist statements, calling herself "a regular jingoist".[91] In her 1909 address to ISWA, Catt stated, "...our task will not be fulfilled until the women of the whole world have been rescued from those discriminations and injustices which in every land are visited upon them in law and custom."[92] In 1918, when Catt was president, NAWSA lobbied Congress to amend the Hawaii Organic Act to allow the territory to enfranchise women, including Native Hawaiian women.[93] In 1924, Catt condemned the Ku Klux Klan for their racism, antisemitism, and anti-Catholicism.[94] Collaboration with African American suffragists[edit] Moreover, NAWSA and its predecessors were integrated organizations and African American suffragists were key allies in Catt's campaign to secure the vote in New York.[95] Moreover, Catt's Woman Suffrage Party, the leading pro-suffrage organization in the New York, actively sought immigrant support by publishing pro-suffrage literature in 26 languages; hosting rallies in Irish, Syrian, Italian, and Polish enclaves; and establishing committees to reach out to German and French communities.[96] Similarly, in 1919, Catt supported the "Committee on One Hundred" in New York City, which called upon Congress to enforce the 15th Amendment.[97] In the same year, at the founding of the League of Women Voters, Catt called upon the new organization to "To remove the remaining legal discriminations against women in the codes and constitutions of the several states in order that the feet of coming women may find these stumbling blocks removed."[98] In 1920, the Miami Herald reported on a meeting by the "Woman Voter's League", where Miss Jefferson Bell who, the Herald reported, "stated that she, too, had been a worshipper at the shrine of Mrs. Catt until shortly after the ratification when one of her first acts was to appeal to the southern women to assist in seeing that negro women had the right to exercise the franchise."[99] Similarly, Josephine A. Pearson, the leader of the anti-suffrage lobby during the Tennessee debate, condemned Catt after Tennessee ratified the 19th Amendment, "...I am not sure that this new party spells more serious menace to civilization than the picture, recently, of the great international suffrage leader, Mrs. Catt, marching through the streets of New York, with a negro woman on either side of her! Was she thus proclaiming her ideal of the supremacy of the negro-race that threatens the South, if Federal Suffrage should ever come to us?"[100] Catt became more outspoken in her opposition to discrimination in the 1920s–1940s, when she was active in the peace movement. For instance, Catt defended Black troops against false charges that they were raping German women during World War I.[101] She also protested a Washington, D.C. hotel's policy of excluding African Americans, which precluded them from participating in a NCCCW conference,[102] and spoke out about the plight of Jewish refugees escaping Nazi Germany in the 1930s.[103] Death and legacy[edit] On March 9, 1947, Catt died of a heart attack in her home in New Rochelle, New York.[2] She was buried at Woodlawn Cemetery in The Bronx, New York City.[104] alongside her longtime companion, Mary Garrett Hay, a fellow New York state suffragist, with whom she lived for over 20 years.[20][105] African American suffragist Mary Church Terrell memorialized Catt in a telegram: "The whole world has lost a great, good, and gifted woman who, for many years, pleaded with it to deal justly with all human beings without regard to sex, race, or religion. Personally, I have lost a dear friend who for forty years has encouraged me by writing and speaking both publicly and privately."[106] At her funeral, the Reverend Walter Van Kirk praised "the dignity and prestige with which she invested the womanhood of American and of every land."[107] Carrie Chapman Catt grave in Woodlawn Cemetery Historical marker for Carrie Lane Chapman Catt, Iowa Welcome Center Honors[edit] U.S.commemorative stamp of 1948, Seneca Falls Convention titled 100 Years of Progress of Women: 1848–1948. From left to right, Stanton, Carrie Chapman Catt, Lucretia Mott. Catt attained recognition for her work both during and after her lifetime. In 1921, Catt became the first woman to receive an honorary doctorate from the University of Wyoming.[108] In 1923, Catt was named one of the "12 Greatest Living American Women" by the League of Women Voters [109] and in 1925, she received an honorary doctor of laws degree from Smith College.[110] In 1926, she was featured on the cover of Time magazine [111] and, in 1930, she received the Pictorial Review Award for her international disarmament work.[112] In 1933, Catt received the American Hebrew Medal; in 1935, the Turkish government issued a stamp to honor her work,[113] and in 1936, she was honored by President Franklin Roosevelt at the White House for her peace activism.[114] In 1940, Catt received an honorary doctor of laws degree from Moravian College for Women,[115] the American Women's Association's "Woman of the Year Award,[114] and the Gold Medal Pioneer Award from the General Federation of Women's Clubs.[114] In 1941, Catt received the Chi Omega award at the White House from her longtime friend Eleanor Roosevelt.[11] Catt's posthumous awards include a stamp that was issued in 1948 in remembrance of the Seneca Falls Convention, featuring Catt, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, and Lucretia Mott. In 1975, Catt became the first inductee into the Iowa Women's Hall of Fame.[104] and in 1982, Catt was inducted into the National Women's Hall of Fame. In 1992, the Iowa Centennial Memorial Foundation presented her with The Iowa Award, the state's highest honor,[116] and named her one of the ten most important women of the century,[104] and in 2013, Catt was in the first class of women to be honored on the Women of Achievement Bridge in Des Moines, Iowa.[117] The League of Women Voters often honors Catt as its founder. In 1929, the League placed bronze tablets honoring her contributions to suffrage throughout the country.[114] In 1947, the national League established the Carrie Chapman Catt Memorial Fund, which promoted suffrage aboard, voter education, and the responsibilities of citizenship.[118] In the 1959, this fund was used to sponsor a "Government in Action" program at Syracuse University.[119] The Ames/Story County (Iowa) League has bestowed its Carrie Chapman Catt Award, which recognizes a member's contribution to the community, since 1993.[120] The League of Women Voters of Iowa also bestows a Carrie Chapman Catt Award annually, recognizing the significant accomplishments of one of its members.[121] The League of Women Voters of Dane County, which includes Catt's birthplace of Ripon, Wisconsin, instituted its Carrie Chapman Catt Award in 2005[122] and the League of Women Voters of Lake Forest/Lake Bluff (Illinois) has presented its Carrie Chapman Catt Award since 2013.[123] In 1992, the Charles City, Iowa school district named its alternative high school "Carrie Lane High School" in honor of Catt.[124] In 2019, Iowa Secretary of State Paul Pate announced the Carrie Chapman Catt Award, which it awards to every Iowa high school that registers to vote at least 90 percent of its eligible student body.[125] Finally, Catt was posthumously named a "Valiant Woman of the Vote" by the National Women's History Alliance in 2020.[126] Museum, Monuments, and Historical Markers Catt's childhood home in Charles City, Iowa has been restored and is now a museum dedicated to her life and legacy as well as the history of the women's suffrage movement. It is managed by the nonprofit organization, the National Nineteenth Amendment Society.[127] In 2020 it was added as a site on the National Women's Suffrage Trail. The marker was dedicated in 2021.[128] On August 26, 2016 (Women's Equality Day), a monument commissioned by Tennessee Suffrage Monument, Inc.[129] and sculpted by Alan LeQuire was unveiled in Centennial Park in Nashville, featuring depictions of Catt, Anne Dallas Dudley, Abby Crawford Milton, Juno Frankie Pierce, and Sue Shelton White.[130][131] Catt is one of three suffragists memorialized with a statue at the Turning Point Suffrage Memorial in Lorton, Virginia, which was dedicated on May 16, 2021.[132] Catt is also honored in the following historical markers: Charlestown, IN: Marker to honor Mary Garrett Hay, which mentions also mentions Catt, dedicated in October 2021.[133] Flint, Michigan's Sitdowners Memorial Park: Plaque dedicated to Catt.[134] Huntsville, AL: Mentioned on a marker memorializing suffragist Alberta Chapman Taylor.[135] Iowa Welcome Center on Interstate 35: Historical marker erected by the Iowa Department of Transportation and the Iowa State Historical Society, dedicated in 1977.[136] Louisville, KY: Marker at the First Unitarian Church, which mentions that Carrie Chapman Catt and Susan B. Anthony spoke there on their 1895 Southern Tour.[137] Memphis, TN: Markers memorializing suffragist Lide Smith Meriwether, which mentions that she traveled with Catt and Anthony;[138] suffragist Mary Church Terrell, founder of the National Association of Colored Women;[139] and Joseph Hanover, one of Catt's allies on the Tennessee state legislature in 1920.[140] All three were erected by the Memphis Suffrage Monument Committee in 2022.[138] New Rochelle, NY: The New Rochelle Historical Society and the League of Women Voters of New Rochelle placed a marker on the street where she lived.[141] Ripon, WI: Catt's birthplace, erected by the Wisconsin Historical Society in 1977.[142] Women's voting rights[edit] As President of the nation's largest women's suffrage organization when the 19th Amendment was ratified, women's voting rights are part of Catt's legacy. The 19th Amendment enfranchised approximately 27 million American women. The amendment extended to women of all races who were not disenfranchised for other reasons. It remains the largest single extension of suffrage in American history.[143] This included three million African American women of voting age, approximately 500,000 of whom lived in the 34 states outside the Deep South. By 1960, the last Census before the Voting Rights Act was passed, more than two million African American women in these 34 states were enfranchised.[144] In addition, some African American women living in the South were able to register and vote in 1920. According to historian Roslyn Terborg-Penn, "...Black female participation in the elective process during 1920 was extensive enough to occasion a prediction from Georgia State Representative Thomas M. Bell that the Nineteenth Amendment would destroy white supremacy in Georgia since the amendment had enfranchised enough women."[145] In South Carolina, African American women "apparently took the white male registrars by surprise, and no plan to disqualify them was in effect. Many Black women reported to the registrar's office, but the only discrimination was that whites were registered first."[146] The 19th Amendment did not prohibit other forms of discrimination against women voters. For instance, no women were allowed to vote in Georgia or Mississippi in 1920 because state legislatures were not called into special session to pass the enabling legislation.[147] Similarly, by the end of the decade, African American women in the South were again disenfranchised by discriminatory laws and practices.[148] Puerto Rican women were not fully enfranchised until 1935.[149] Likewise, Native American women who did not renounce their tribal citizenship were not eligible to vote in 1920[150] and Chinese American women were not eligible to vote because of the Chinese Exclusion Act, which kept Chinese Americans from becoming citizens. This law was in place until 1943.[151] Finally, women of color, especially African American women, continued to experience discrimination until the 24th Amendment, which prohibited poll taxes, and Voting Rights Act were enacted in 1964 and 1965, respectively. Women's voter turnout was approximately 38 percent in 1920, compared to over 65 percent for men.[152] Women's voter turnout rates lagged behind men's, but gradually rose over time. Women became the numerical majority of voters in 1968 and began to vote at higher rates than men in 1980. By 2016, women's voter turnout was 63 percent compared to 53 percent for men, a difference of 10 million voters.[153] Also starting in 1980, men and women's vote choices began to diverge, with women being more likely to vote for Democratic candidates and to express support for the Democratic Party.[154] This gender gap is now a durable fixture in American politics, present at the presidential level and in many down ballot races. The largest gender gap was in 2020 with a 12 percentage point advantage to the Democratic nominee, Joe Biden.[155] The smallest was four percentage points in 1992, when the Democratic nominee Bill Clinton faced President George H.W. Bush (R) and Independent Ross Perot.[156] At Iowa State University[edit] In 1921, Catt became the first woman to deliver a commencement address at Iowa State University when she also received an honorary doctor of laws degree.[157][158] She was invited to speak again in 1930 [11] and in 1933, received the Iowa State Alumni Association Merit Award for Distinguished Service.[159] When George Catt died in 1905, he left a donation to Iowa State in his will. However, New York state attorneys determined that the donation was not permissible, since under New York law, bequests could only be awarded to an individual or an incorporated entity. Iowa State, at the time, did not qualify. Consequently, Catt signed over $100,000 in bonds ($3.39 million in 2023 dollars) to the university to honor George Catt's wishes.[160] The George W. Catt Endowment continues to award scholarships to several students in different fields of study each year. Selection is based on academic achievement and financial need.[161] A few years after her husband's death, Catt donated another $22,500 to Iowa State and in 1926, donated $6,000 to her sorority, Pi Beta Phi, equivalent to $103,000 in 2023 dollars.[162] She also left her personal library of over 1,000 volumes, many on the subject of peace, to the university, along with some furniture and other personal belongings.[163] Iowa State University named a street, Carrie Lane Court, in Catt's honor.[164] As early as 1974, the Government of the Student Body passed a resolution requesting that the new physical education building be named for Catt.[165] The naming committee chair opposed the idea, stating he did not want a "Catt House" on campus.[166] In 1990, the university announced that it was renaming the Old Botany Building as Carrie Chapman Catt Hall[167] and the building was dedicated in 1995[168] after a $5 million renovation.[169] Naming the building after Catt engendered controversy, with some in the university community objecting to the naming because they said Catt was a racist.[170] In March 2021, the university announced the formation of the Committee on the Consideration of Removing Names from University Property that is considering the renaming of Catt Hall.[171] In 1992, Iowa State University established the Carrie Chapman Catt Center for Women and Politics. The Catt Center conducts research on women in politics, with a special emphasis on Iowa, and promotes civic engagement on campus and in the community.[172] The Catt Center instituted its Carrie Chapman Catt Prize for Research on Women and Politics in 1995[173] and in 2006 the College of Liberal Arts and Sciences added the Carrie Chapman Catt Public Engagement Award to its roster of alumni awards.[174] 19th Amendment centennial[edit] 2020 marked the 100th anniversary of the League of Women Voters and the 19th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution. The League – which includes the national organization founded by Catt on February 14, 1920, as well as more than 700 state and local leagues throughout the United States – is a respected, nonpartisan political organization that continues to educate citizens on key issues of the day and advocates for expansion of access to the ballot for all U.S. citizens.[175] As part of the centennial celebration of the 19th Amendment in 2020, Catt was featured in newspaper and magazine articles; recent books, such as Elaine Weiss's The Woman's Hour: The Great Fight to Win the Vote (2018),[46] which is being made into a film with Hillary Rodham Clinton as the executive producer; the PBS American Experience two-part documentary The Vote; and the Iowa PBS documentary, Carrie Chapman Catt: Warrior for Women. Personal life[edit] Carrie Chapman Catt and Mary Garrett Hay receive ballots to cast their first votes for president in 1920. In March 1883, the month Carrie Lane was promoted to superintendent of schools in Mason City, Iowa, Leo Chapman purchased and began to publish the weekly Mason City Republican newspaper. A supporter of women's suffrage, he and Lane became engaged and were married at the Lane family home on February 12, 1885. The two began publishing the weekly newspaper as co-editors. In May 1886, having sold the newspaper due to a libel suit, Leo left for San Francisco to find a job in a newspaper while Carrie stayed in Iowa and lived with her parents until he sent word that he had found work and a home for them. In August 1886, Carrie received a telegram that Leo was very ill with typhoid fever and she should come at once. By the time she reached San Francisco on the train, he was dead.[176] While in San Francisco, she happened to meet George Catt, who was walking behind her on a downtown street. The two had been in college together, and he was about to become the chief engineer for a San Francisco bridge-building firm. In August 1887, Chapman moved back to Iowa, but the two kept in touch. In spring 1890, Chapman took the train to Seattle, Washington, where Catt now lived. On June 10, 1890, the two were married.[177] Theirs was the deep love of two mature and committed people, each of whom respected the other's talents. The newly named Carrie Chapman Catt even told of the arrangement they made before they married, "We made a team to work for the cause. My husband used to say that he was as much a reformer as I, but that he couldn't work at reforming and earn a living at the same time; but what he could do was earn living enough for two and free me from all economic burden, and thus I could reform for two. That was our bargain and we happily understood each other."[178] Both traveled extensively for their work, but also found time to travel together. On October 8, 1905, George Catt died from a perforated ulcer at the age of 45.[179][180] George Catt had been a successful engineer and his estate left Catt financially independent for the rest of her life.[181] Catt resided at Juniper Ledge in the Westchester County, New York community of Briarcliff Manor from 1919 through 1928[182] when she settled in nearby New Rochelle, New York. After George Catt's death, Carrie Chapman Catt lived with Mary "Mollie" Garrett Hay, a suffragist leader from New York.[183] Hay was not a part of the international circle of elites that Catt aligned herself with; however, it was understood that they had a special relationship. Catt requested burial alongside Hay, rather than her first husband. Her second husband's body was donated to science, according to his wishes.[183] When Hay died in 1928, Alda Wilson moved in with Catt and remained as her secretary until Catt's death.[184][185] Wilson was Catt's companion[186] and eventual estate executor, donating six volumes of photographs and memorabilia from Catt's estate to Bryn Mawr College.[187] In popular culture[edit] Carrie Chapman Catt is the subject of Barbara Robison's Victory with Valor: A Novel, a fictionalized account of her life, published in 2020.[188] Catt is also the primary subject in three children's books: Carrie Chapman Catt: A Voice for Women by Kristen Thoennes Keller, published in 2005;[189] Carrie Chapman Catt: A Life of Leadership by Nate Levin, published in 2006;[190] and Dare to Question: Carrie Chapman Catt's Voice for the Vote, by Jasmine A. Stirling and illustrated by Udayana Lugo, published in 2023.[191] Catt is also a character in The Hope Chest by Karen Schwabach, published in 2010.[192] In addition, Elaine Weiss's The Woman's Hour was adapted for young readers. This version was published in 2020.[193] Catt has appeared as a character within multiple theatrical projects on the subject of the women's suffrage movement. She is portrayed by Jenn Collela in the musical Suffs with book, music, and lyrics by Shaina Taub. Suffs premiered off-Broadway at The Public Theatre in March 2022[194] and has since begun an open-ended run on Broadway in March 2024.[195] The musical is produced in-part by Hillary Clinton and Malala Yousafzai.[196] Catt is also the subject of a one-woman play, The Yellow Rose of Suffrage, by Jane Cox, professor emerita of theatre at Iowa State University. First performed in 1993 by Cox, the play was performed extensively throughout 1995, including at the Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts,[197] and has been performed ever since in over 20 states. Additional theatre projects include 19: The Musical, conceived and performed by Through the 4th Wall across the Washington, D.C. area in 2019,[198] The Suffragist by Nancy Cobb and Cavan Hallman,[199] and Crusading Mrs. Catt, a one-woman play written and performed by Lisa Hayes.[200] Catt was portrayed by Anjelica Huston in the film Iron Jawed Angels (2004) and is featured in the PBS documentaries One Woman, One Vote (1995)[201] and The Vote, Part 2 (2020)[202] and in Iowa PBS's Carrie Chapman Catt: Warrior for Women (2020),[203] which received a regional Emmy Award.[204] In 2021, Catt was featured in an art exhibit "Imposter Files for the Recovery of the Memory and History of Peruvian Women".[54] Catt herself appeared in the pro-suffrage film The Ruling Power, produced by the New York Woman Suffrage Party.[205] See also[edit] Biography portal International Women Suffrage Alliance National American Woman Suffrage Association League of Women Voters List of suffragists and suffragettes List of women's rights activists Timeline of women's suffrage Open Christmas Letter Women's suffrage organizations List of civil rights leaders References[edit] ^ a b Fowler, p. 3 ^ a b "Carrie C. Catt Dies of Heart Attack. Woman's Suffrage Pioneer, Long an Advocate of World Peace, Succumbs at 88". The New York Times. March 10, 1947. ^ a b Van Voris, pp. 59–63 ^ Van Voris, p. vii ^ Peck, pp. 30–32. ^ a b Van Voris, p. 7. ^ Van Voris, p. 8. ^ "Carrie Lane Chapman Catt". Traditions. ISU Alumni Association. Archived from the original on May 4, 2013. Retrieved December 14, 2013. ^ Peck, p. 33. ^ Peck, p. 34. ^ a b c "Carrie Chapman Catt (1859–1947)". Carrie Chapman Catt Center for Women and Politics. Retrieved March 29, 2019. ^ Van Voris, p. 9. ^ a b "Carrie Chapman Catt Papers, 1880–1958". Five College Archives & Manuscript Collections. Five College Consortium. Archived from the original on November 29, 2014. Retrieved July 23, 2014. ^ a b c Katja Wuestenbecker. "Catt, Carrie Chapman" in World War 1: the Definitive Encyclopedia and Document Collection Vol. 1. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO, 2014, p. 359. ^ Peck, pp. 42–43. ^ a b Van Voris, pp. 14–15. ^ a b c Catt, Carrie Chapman (c. 1893). "Subject and Sovereign". Archives of Women's Political Communication. Retrieved July 24, 2020. ^ a b c d Catt, Carrie Chapman (December 15, 1894). "Danger to our Government". Archives of Women's Political Communication. Retrieved July 24, 2020. ^ Fowler, pp. 15–16. ^ a b c d "Carrie Chapman Catt Girlhood Home and Museum: About Carrie Chapman Catt". catt.org. Retrieved February 20, 2019. ^ Catt, Carrie Chapman (February 17, 1892). "Statement Before the House Judiciary Committee". Archives of Women's Political Communication. Retrieved July 28, 2020. ^ Van Voris, p. 35 ^ The Woman's Journal: 58. February 23, 1895. ^ Van Voris, p. 43 ^ Griffith, p. 211 ^ Harper (1898–1908), Vol. 2, p. 853 ^ Van Voris, p. 50. ^ Peck, p. 114. ^ Catt and Shuler, p. 117 ^ Peck, pp. 127–129. ^ Van Voris, pp. 57–58 ^ "IAW Congresboek 1904-2004" (PDF). IAW. January 14, 2005. Retrieved May 5, 2023. ^ "Woman Suffrage and the South". The (New Orleans) Times Democrat. March 18, 1903. Retrieved November 23, 2020. ^ Harper, Ida Husted (2009). History of Woman Suffrage, Vol. 5. Project Gutenberg. pp. 83–84. ^ Catt, Carrie Chapman (September 7, 1916). "The Crisis". Archives of Women's Political Communication. Retrieved July 28, 2020. ^ The National American Woman Suffrage Association (1940). Victory: How Women Won It: 1840–1940. New York City: H.W. Wilson and Company. pp. 121–122. ^ Peck, pp. 219–234, 277–279 ^ United States Department of State, Office of the Historian. "U.S. Entry into World War I, 1917". United States State Department. Retrieved July 28, 2020. ^ Peck, pp. 267–269. ^ Van Voris, pp. 148–149. ^ Van Voris, pp. 151–152. ^ Van Voris, p. 153. ^ Van Voris, pp. 154–155. ^ Catt and Shuler, pp. 359–360. ^ a b Catt, Carrie Chapman (September 4, 1920) The Woman Citizen, pg. 364 ^ a b Weiss ^ "100 Years After the 19th Amendment, the Fight for Women's Suffrage Continues". Center for American Progress. August 18, 2020. Retrieved May 5, 2023. ^ Catt and Shuler ^ "International Alliance of Women". Retrieved July 26, 2020. ^ Van Voris, pp. 55–57 ^ Catt, Carrie Chapman (1911–1912). "Diaries 1911–1923". Library of Congress. Retrieved July 28, 2020. ^ Van Voris, pp. 169–173 ^ Van Voris, p. 178 ^ a b "Feminism: The Covers that Never Were: A Tribute to the Ignored Peruvians." Market Research Telecast. October 20, 2021. https://marketresearchtelecast.com/feminism-the-covers-that-never-were-a-tribute-to-the-ignored-peruvians-international/182415/. Accessed October 29, 2021. ^ Catt, Carrie Chapman (March 24, 1919). "A Nation Calls". Archives of Women's Political Communication. Retrieved August 5, 2020. ^ Van Voris, p. 156. ^ National Park Service (2020). "19th Amendment By State". Retrieved August 5, 2020. ^ Van Voris, p. 157. ^ Van Voris, pp. 157–158 ^ Catt, Carrie Chapman (February 14, 2020). "Political Parties and Women's Voters (On the Inside)". Archives of Women's Political Communication. Retrieved August 5, 2020. ^ Van Voris, p. 158 ^ League of Women Voters (2020). "Find Your Local League". Retrieved August 5, 2020. ^ Barr, Eleanor. "Women's International League for Peace and Freedom Collection". Swarthmore College Peace Collection. Archived from the original on July 28, 2020. Retrieved July 27, 2020. ^ Abridged Minutes of the Executive Council of the National American Woman Suffrage Association, held in Washington DC. February 23–24, 1917. p. 23. ^ Fowler, pp. 138–139 ^ a b Schott, Linda (1996). ""MIDDLE-OF-THE-ROAD" ACTIVISTS Carrie Chapman Catt and the National Committee on the Cause and Cure of War". Peace & Change. 21 (1): 1–21. doi:10.1111/j.1468-0130.1996.tb00252.x. ^ Van Voris, p. 198 ^ Van Voris, p. 200. ^ As quoted in Van Voris, p. 201. ^ Van Voris, pp. 213–218 ^ a b Recker, Cristen. "Carrie Chapman Catt". Ladies For Liberty. Archived from the original on March 22, 2012. Retrieved April 2, 2011. ^ Wuestenbecker, Katja, "Catt, Carrie Chapman" in World War 1: the Definitive Encyclopedia and Document Collection Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO, 2014; ISBN 978-1-85109-964-1, Vol. 1, page 359. ^ Nasaw, David (2001). The Chief: The Life of William Randolph Hearst. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. p. 489. ISBN 0-618-15446-9. ^ James, Edward T.; James, Janet Wilson (1974). Notable American Women: A Biographical Dictionary. Harvard University Press. p. 312. ISBN 0-674-62734-2. ^ "Group Formed to Combat Anti-Semitism". The Berkshire Evening Eagle. November 28, 1938. ^ Francisca de Haan; Krasimira Daskalova; Anna Loutfi (2006). Biographical Dictionary of Women's Movements and Feminisms in Central, Eastern, and South Eastern Europe: 19th and 20th Centuries. Central European University Press. p. 334. ISBN 978-963-7326-39-4. ^ Van Voris, pp. 15–16 ^ a b Catt, Carrie Chapman (1920). "Why the Southeastern States of the U.S. Refused Suffrage to Women". Archives of Women's Political Communication. Retrieved July 29, 2020. ^ Van Voris, p. 16. ^ Weiss, p. 266 ^ As quoted in Fowler, p. 88. ^ Weiss, pp. 265–266. ^ Marilley, Suzanne M. (1996). Woman Suffrage and the Origins of Liberal Feminist in the United States, 1820–1920. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. p. 161. ^ Catt, Carrie Chapman (1917). "Objections to the Federal Amendment". Woman Suffrage by Federal Amendment. ^ "Meeting of the Official Board of National at New York Headquarters". The Woman Citizen. October 13, 1917. ^ Catt, Carrie Chapman (November 1, 1917). "Votes for All". Archives of Women's Political Communication. ^ Catt and Shuler, p. 329. ^ Buhle, Mari Jo and, Paul Buhle, eds. (2005). The Concise History of Woman Suffrage. Urbana: University of Illinois Press. pp. 442–423. ISBN 0-252-07276-6. {{cite book}}: |first= has generic name (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) ^ Letter from Catt to John Shillady of the NAACP, May 6, 1919. ^ Letter from Catt to L.B. Fouse and F.H. White of Lexington, Kentucky. May 2, 1919. ^ Van Voris, p. viii. ^ Catt, Carrie Chapman (April 26, 1909). "Address at the International Woman Suffrage Alliance Fifth Conference and First Quinquennial – April 26, 1909". Archives of Women's Political Communication. Retrieved December 9, 2020. ^ Yasuke, Rumi (2017). "Re-Franchising the Women of Hawai'i, 1912–1920". Gendering the Trans-Pacific World: 114–139. ^ Catt, Carrie Chapman. "The Kluxers." The Woman Citizen. July 12, 1924. p. 14. ^ Gallagher, Julie A. (2012). Black Women and Politics in New York City. Urbana: University of Illinois Press. pp. 11–44. ISBN 978-0-252-03696-5. ^ Catt and Shuler, pp. 284–289. ^ "Colored Citizens of New York Start Campaign to Get Ballot for the Race in the South". The New York Age. April 12, 1919. Retrieved December 5, 2020. ^ Catt, Carrie Chapman (March 24, 1919). "The Nation Calls". Archives of Women's Political Communication. ^ "Hot Discussion on Black Voter: Speaker at Woman's Club Rally Says Women Will Keep the South Democratic". The Miami Herald. October 16, 1920. Retrieved November 23, 2020. ^ Pearson, Josephine Anderson. President's Message: Retiring from Antisuffrage Leadership of Tennessee, September 30, 1920. in Marjorie Spruill Wheeler (ed. 1995.) Votes for Women! The Woman Suffrage Movement in Tennessee, the South, and the Nation. Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press; ISBN 0870498363. pp. 219–220. ^ Catt, Carrie Chapman (March 5, 1921). "The Truth About Black Troops on the Rhine". The Woman Citizen: 2. ^ Brandenburgh, Crystal (March 6, 2020). "Carrie Chapman Catt: Suffrage and the Politics of Race". Re/Visionist. Retrieved July 31, 2020. ^ Peck, pp. 448–449. ^ a b c Carrie Chapman Catt Center for Women and Politics. "Timeline of Carrie Chapman Catt's Life Archived May 19, 2013, at the Wayback Machine". ^ Wilson, Scott. Resting Places: The Burial Sites of More Than 14,000 Famous Persons. 3d ed.: 2 (Kindle Locations 7790–7791). McFarland & Company, Inc. Kindle Edition ^ Telegram from Mary Church Terrell to Miss Alda Wison. March 10, 1947. Punctuation added for clarity. ^ "Prayer offered by the Rev. Walter Van Kirk, D.D. at the funeral service of Mrs. Carrie Chapman Catt, March 11. 1947. Library of Congress Carrie Chapman Catt papers. Available: https://www.loc.gov/resource/mss15404.mss15404-007_00191_00221/?sp=28&st=text&r=-0.009,-0.107,1.018,1.455,0 ^ "Women Not Yet Freed From Century-Old Conditions, Noted Suffrage Leader Declares". The Wyoming Weekly Review and Natrona County Tribune. June 18, 1921. Retrieved October 2, 2020. ^ "Only One of America's 12 Famous Women is a Mother". The Boston Globe. May 13, 1923. ^ Smith College. "Honorary Degrees: Recipients". Retrieved November 18, 2020. ^ Carrie Chapman Catt June 14, 1926. "Time". Retrieved November 23, 2020.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) ^ Adams, Mildred (January 1931). "Winner of Pictorial Review's $5,000 Achievement Award: Carrie Chapman Catt, Leader of Women—Pioneer for Peace". Carrie Chapman Catt Papers, Library of Congress. Retrieved November 23, 2020. ^ Carrie Chapman Catt Papers: Subject File, 1848–1950; Turkish stamp honoring Catt. Library of Congress. ^ a b c d Walker, Lola Carolyn (1950). The Speeches and Speaking of Carrie Chapman Catt. Evanston, Illinois: Northwestern University Dissertation. p. 55. ^ "Dr. Hornell Hart of Duke Speaks at Moravian: Says Graduates Going from One Stage to Another --Carrie Chapman Catt Honored". The Morning Call (Allentown, PA). June 11, 1940. ^ Boller, Marty (August 9, 2021). "The Iowa Award--1951 To Today". Our Iowa Heritage. Retrieved August 4, 2023. ^ Rood, Lee (August 29, 2018). "Women of Achievement Bridge to Add Names for First Time Since 2013; Nominations being Accepted". Des Moines Register. Retrieved November 23, 2020. ^ League of Women Voters. "A Living Memorial to Carrie Chapman Catt 1859-1947." Library of Congress Carrie Chapman Catt Collection. Available: https://www.loc.gov/resource/mss15404.mss15404-012_00103_00289/?sp=7&r=0.126,0.141,0.986,0.704,0. ^ Knapp, Betsy and Mary Ann Guyol. 1960. "Learning By Doing with the League of Women Voters." Journal of Social Issues 16(1): 57-65. ^ League of Women Voters Ames/Story County. "Catt Award". Retrieved November 18, 2020. ^ "League of Women Voters of Iowa State Convention Program" (PDF). League of Women Voters of Iowa. June 9–10, 2023. Retrieved August 4, 2023. ^ League of Women Voters of Dane County (WI). "Carrie Chapman Catt Award". Retrieved November 18, 2020.[permanent dead link] ^ League of Women Voters of Lake Forest/Lake Bluff (Illinois). "Home Page". Retrieved November 18, 2020. ^ Pieper, Mary (February 12, 2012). "Twenty Years Changing Lives: Carrie Lane High School Offers Alternatives". The (Mason City) Globe-Gazette. pp. A1-2. ^ Iowa Secretary of State (2020). "Carrie Chapman Catt Award". Retrieved November 18, 2020. ^ "2020 Honorees". National Women's History Alliance. Archived from the original on January 15, 2020. Retrieved January 8, 2020. ^ National Nineteenth Amendment Society. "Home". Retrieved July 29, 2020. ^ Erb, Cheryl (September 29, 2021). "Votes for Women Trail Marker at the Girlhood Home of Carrie Chapman Catt". National Collaborative for Women's History Sites. Retrieved June 19, 2023. ^ "Too Few Statues of Women". Tennessee Suffrage Monument, Inc. Archived from the original on April 10, 2020. Retrieved August 28, 2016. ^ "Women's Suffrage Monument Unveiled – Story". Newschannel5.com. August 26, 2016. Retrieved August 27, 2016. ^ "Nashville's Newest Monument Celebrates State's Role in Women's Winning The Right To Vote". Nashville Public Radio. August 25, 2016. Retrieved August 27, 2016. ^ The Turning Point Suffrage Memorial. https://suffragistmemorial.org/. ^ McAfee, Brooke (October 21, 2021). "Historical Market to Honor Suffragette from Charlestown". The (Jefferson, IN) News and Tribune. Retrieved October 29, 2021. ^ Lambrou, J.T. (March 26, 2023). "Carrie Chapman Catt 1859-1947". The Historical Marker Database. Retrieved June 19, 2023. ^ Marsteller, Duane; Marsteller, Tracy (November 22, 2020). "Huntsville's Pioneer Suffragists". The Historical Marker Database. Retrieved June 19, 2023. ^ "Historic Northern Iowa/Carrie Lane Chapman Catt - (1859-1947)". The Historical Marker Database. May 29, 2023. Retrieved June 19, 2023. ^ Herrick, Michael (February 12, 2023). "First Unitarian Church". The Historical Marker Database. Retrieved June 19, 2023. ^ a b Masler, Steve (February 7, 2023). "Lide Smith Meriwether 1829-1913". The Historical Marker Database. Retrieved June 19, 2023. ^ Masler, Steve (February 7, 2023). "Mary Church Terrell 1863-1954". The Historical Marker Database. Retrieved June 19, 2023. ^ Masler, Steve (February 7, 2023). "Joseph Hanover 1888-1984". The Historical Marker Database. Retrieved June 19, 2023. ^ Rosen, Gay E. (November 10, 2014). "Historic New Rochelle--Carrie (Lane) Chapman Catt". Larchmont and New Rochelle News/The Rosen Reports. Retrieved June 19, 2023. ^ Wisconsin Historical Markers. Marker 273: Carrie Chapman Catt Archived July 26, 2020, at the Wayback Machine. ^ See United States Census records for 1870, 1920, 1960, and 1970. www.census.gov. ^ United States Census, 1920 and 1960. www.census.gov. ^ Terborg-Penn, p. 152. ^ Terborg-Penn, p. 153. ^ Wheeler, Marjorie Spruill (1993). New Women of the New South. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 181. ^ Terborg-Penn, pp. 156–157. ^ National Park Service (August 23, 2019). "Puerto Rico and the 19th Amendment". Retrieved July 31, 2020. ^ Little, Becky (August 20, 2019). "Native Americans Weren't Guaranteed the Right to Vote in Every State Until 1962". The History Channel. Retrieved July 31, 2020. ^ National Park Service (March 5, 2020). "Dr. Mabel Ping-Hua Lee". Retrieved July 31, 2020. ^ Wolbrecht, Christina and, J. Kevin Corder (2020). A Century of Votes for Women: American Elections Since Suffrage. New York: Cambridge University Press. ^ Center for American Women and Politics (September 16, 2019). "Gender Differences in Voter Turnout" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on July 18, 2020. Retrieved July 31, 2020. ^ Center for American Women in Politics (June 2014). "The Gender Gap: Party Identification and Presidential Performance Ratings" (PDF). Retrieved July 31, 2020. ^ "Gender Gap: Voting Choices in Presidential Elections". Center for American Women and Politics. June 19, 2023. Retrieved June 19, 2023. ^ Center for American Women and Politics (January 2017). "The Gender Gap: Voting Choices in Presidential Elections" (PDF). Retrieved July 31, 2020. ^ Catt, Carrie Chapman (June 15, 1921). "Commencement Address at Iowa State". Archives of Women's Political Communication. Retrieved July 29, 2020. ^ Iowa State University. "Past Honorary Degree Recipients" (PDF). Retrieved November 18, 2020. ^ Iowa State University Alumni Association. "Alumni Humanitarian Award (Formerly the Merit Award)". Retrieved November 18, 2020. ^ "Ames is Given $100,000 Fund by Mrs. Catt." Des Moines Register. October 8, 1922. p. 1. ^ Iowa State University. "George W. Catt Endowment Scholarship". Retrieved July 25, 2020. ^ Carrie Chapman Catt Papers, Box 2. Iowa State University Special Collections. ^ "Last Will and Testament of Carrie Chapman Catt. March 21, 1945." Parks Library Special Collections. Iowa State University. ^ Craft, David; Jones, Steve; University Archives (2003). "For Whom It Is Named". Iowa State University. Retrieved June 30, 2023. ^ Senate of the [Iowa State University] Government of the Student Body, Senate Resolution #14. "Resolution to Name the New Women's PE Building after Carrie Chapman Catt." November 18, 1974. ^ Lex, Louise. "Catt in Respect to Lagomarcino." Iowa State Daily. July 16, 2020. Available: https://www.iowastatedaily.com/opinion/letters/opinion-letter-louise-lex-catt-in-respect-to-lagomarcino/article_2d3345a6-c79b-11ea-b2b0-130e3bd95bd9.html Archived August 26, 2021, at the Wayback Machine ^ Krapfel, Mike (June 13, 1990). "Building to Honor Suffragist". Ames Tribune, p. A1. ^ "Carrie Chapman Catt Hall Dedication, Sunday October 1, Saturday, October 7, 1995" Program in Carrie Chapman Catt Center archives ^ Bruner, Jeffrey (June 7, 1993). "Regents OK Renovations". Ames Tribune, p. A1. ^ "The Catt's Out of the Bag. Was She Racist? Racism in the Suffrage Movement". Uhuru. October 1995. Retrieved July 29, 2020. ^ Meyer, Brian. "Standing committee named for review of requests to rename university property." Inside Iowa State. March 4, 2021. Available: https://www.inside.iastate.edu/article/2021/03/04/renaming. ^ Carrie Chapman Catt Center for Women and Politics. "About Us". Iowa State University. Retrieved November 23, 2020. ^ Carrie Chapman Catt Center for Women and Politics. "Carrie Chapman Catt Prize for Research on Women and Politics". Retrieved November 18, 2020. ^ Iowa State University College of Liberal Arts and Sciences. "Carrie Chapman Catt Public Engagement Award". Retrieved November 18, 2020. ^ League of Women Voters. ^ Peck, pp. 39–43 ^ Peck, pp. 58–61 ^ Catt, Carrie Chapman (September 6, 1923) The Woman Citizen ^ Peck, pp. 144–146 ^ Van Voris, pp. 64–65 ^ Fowler, p. 25 ^ Peter D. Shaver (October 2003). "National Register of Historic Places Registration:Carrie Chapman Catt House". New York State Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation. Archived from the original on August 17, 2014. Retrieved December 24, 2010. ^ a b Rupp, Leila J. "Sexuality and Politics in the Early Twentieth Century: The Case of the International Women's Movement". Feminist Studies, vol. 23, no. 3 (Fall 1997): 577–605. ^ Keller, Kristin Thoennes (2006). Carrie Chapman Catt: A Voice for Women. Minneapolis, Minnesota: Capstone. p. 92. ISBN 978-0-7565-0991-0. ^ Radke-Moss, Andrea G. (2008). Bright Epoch: Women and Coeducation in the American West. Lincoln, Nebraska: University of Nebraska Press. p. 286. ISBN 978-0-8032-1942-7. ^ Morris, Ruth (January 13, 1934). "Possible Need of New War Seen by Pacifist Leader". Berkeley, California: Berkeley Daily Gazette. p. 2. Retrieved October 11, 2016. ^ Grubb, Barbara Ward (Fall 2004). "Carrie Chapman Catt Digital Image Collection" (PDF). Mirabile Dictu (8). Bryn Mawr, Pennsylvania: Friends of the Bryn Mawr College Library: 14–16. Retrieved October 11, 2016. ^ Robison, Barbara (2020). Victory with Valor. Independently published. ISBN 979-8673926192. ^ Keller, Kristin Thoennes (2005). Carrie Chapman Catt: A Voice for Women. Compass Point Books. ISBN 978-0756509910. ^ Levin, Nate (2006). Carrie Chapman Catt: A Life of Leadership. BookSurge Publishing. ISBN 978-1419638244. ^ Stirling, Jasmine A. (2023). Dare to Question: Carrie Chapman Catt's Voice for the Vote. Union Square Kids. ISBN 978-1454934578. ^ Schwabach, Karen (2010). The Hope Chest (Illustrated ed.). Yearling. ISBN 978-0375840968. ^ Weiss, Elaine (2020). The Woman's Hour (Illustrated ed.). Random House Books for Young Readers. ISBN 978-0593125182. ^ Russo, Gillian (November 16, 2021). "'Suffs' announces Off-Broadway cast including Jenn Colella, Phillipa Soo, Nikki M. James". New York Theatre Guide. Retrieved April 14, 2024. ^ Wild, Stephi. "Photos: Inside SUFFS First Preview on Broadway". BroadwayWorld.com. Retrieved April 14, 2024. ^ Paulson, Michael (October 18, 2023). "'Suffs' Heads to Broadway With Hillary Clinton as a Producer". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved April 14, 2024. ^ Letter from Mary Ann Tetreault to Barbara Miller, October 10, 1994. ^ Enoch, Jessica (August 6, 2020). "The Feminist Lesson of 19: The Musical". Quarterly Journal of Speech. 106: 242–252. doi:10.1080/00335630.2020.1785632. S2CID 221057983. ^ "World Premiere Of "The Suffragist" Opens Friday In Cedar Falls". Iowa Public Radio. July 16, 2021. Retrieved April 14, 2024. ^ Hayes, Lisa. "Crusading Mrs. Catt: Carrie Chapman Catt and the fight for Women's Suffrage". Retrieved December 4, 2020. ^ "One Woman One Vote". PBS. 1995. ^ "The Vote". PBS. July 7, 2020. ^ "Carrie Chapman Catt: Warrior for Women". Iowa PBS. December 10, 2019. Retrieved July 25, 2020. ^ "Iowa PBS Receives Four Upper Midwest Emmy Awards". Iowa PBS. Archived from the original on November 19, 2020. Retrieved November 19, 2020. ^ Finnegan, Margaret Mary (1999). Selling Suffrage: Consumer Culture and Votes for Women. New York: Columbia University Press. p. 90. ISBN 0-231-10738-2. Cited sources[edit] Catt, Carrie Chapman; Shuler, Nettie Rogers (2020) [1923]. Woman Suffrage and Politics: The Inner Story of the Suffrage Movement. Mineola, NY: Dover. ISBN 978-0-486-84205-9. Fowler, Robert Booth (1986). Carrie Catt: Feminist Politician. Boston: Northeastern University Press. ISBN 0-930350-86-3. Peck, Mary Gray (1944). Carrie Chapman Catt: A Biography. New York: HW Wilson Company. ISBN 978-1-258-18321-9. Terborg-Penn, Rosalyn (1998). African American Women in the Struggle for the Vote, 1850–1920. Indiana University Press. ISBN 0-253-21176-X. Van Voris, Jacqueline (1987). Carrie Chapman Catt: A Public Life. New York: The Feminist Press, CUNY. ISBN 1-55861-139-8. Weiss, Elaine (2018). The Woman's Hour. New York: Penguin. ISBN 978-0-525-42972-2. Further reading[edit] Amidon, Kevin. "Carrie Chapman Catt and the Evolutionary Politics of Sex and Race, 1885–1940. Journal of the History of Ideas, vol. 68 no. 2, pp. 305–328. (April 2007). Behn, Beth. Woodrow Wilson's Conversion Experience: The President and the Federal Woman Suffrage Amendment. (2012). Open Access Dissertations, 511. Catt, Carrie Chapman, collected speeches and selected writings. Archives of Women's Political Communication. Clevenger, Ima Fuchs. Invention and Arrangement in the Public Address of Carrie Chapman Catt. (1955). Dissertation. University of Oklahoma. Daniels, Doris. "Building a Winning Coalition: The Suffrage Fight in New York State." (1979). New York History. 60 (1): 58–80. Gerber, Matthew. "Agitation in Amsterdam: The International Dimension of Carrie Chapman Catt's Suffrage Rhetoric." (2016). Speaker & Gavel 53(1): 27–41. Iowa History Journal. Three part series on Carrie Chapman Catt. (2020). March/April, May/June, and July/August. Katz, David Howard. Carrie Chapman Catt and the Struggle for Peace. (1973). Dissertation. Syracuse University. Marilley, Suzanne M. Woman Suffrage and the Origins of Liberal Feminism in the United States, 1820–1920. (1996). Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. ISBN 0674954653. Miller, Helen Hill. Carrie Chapman Catt: The Power of an Idea. Carrie Chapman Catt Memorial Fund, Washington, DC. 1958. Noun, Louise R. Strong-Minded Women: The Emergence of the Woman-Suffrage Movement in Iowa. (1969). Iowa State University Press. ISBN 0813816025. Noun, Louise R. "Carrie Chapman Catt and Her Mason City Experience". The Palimpsest. 74: 130–145. (1993). External links[edit] Wikimedia Commons has media related to Carrie Chapman Catt. Wikiquote has quotations related to Carrie Chapman Catt. Wikisource has the text of a 1921 Collier's Encyclopedia article about Carrie Chapman Catt. The Carrie Chapman Catt Girlhood Home and Museum PBS Kids: Women and the Vote Information from the Library of Congress: [1] [2] The Carrie Chapman Catt Collection From the Rare Book and Special Collections Division at the Library of Congress Carrie Chapman Catt papers, 1887–1947, held by the Manuscripts and Archives Division, New York Public Library Carrie Chapman Catt papers, at the Sophia Smith Collection, Smith College Special Collections American Memory biography of Carrie Chapman Catt Iowa State University Carrie Chapman Catt Center for Women and Politics Biography.com page on Catt Works by Carrie Chapman Catt at Project Gutenberg Works by or about Carrie Chapman Catt at Internet Archive Works by Carrie Chapman Catt at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks) Michals, Debra. "Carrie Chapman Catt". National Women's History Museum. 2015. vtePresidents of the International Alliance of Women 1 Carrie Chapman Catt 2 Dame Margery Corbett Ashby 3 Hanna Rydh 4 Ester Graff 5 Ezlynn Deraniyagala 6 Begum Anwar Ahmed 7 Edith Anrep 8 Irène de Lipkowski 9 Olive Bloomer 10 Alice Yotopoulos-Marangopoulos 11 Patricia Giles 12 Rosy Weiss 13 Lyda Verstegen 14 Joanna Manganara 15 Cheryl Hayles 16 Marion Böker vteSuffrageBasic topics Universal suffrage Women Men Black Youth Resident foreigners Expatriates in country of origin Voting age Demeny voting Suffragette Compulsory voting Disfranchisement Right to run for office Women's liberation movement By country Austria Australia 1902 Commonwealth Franchise Act aboriginal women Canada Chile Colombia Ecuador Hong Kong India Japan Kuwait Liechtenstein Mexico New Zealand Spain (Civil War, Francoist) Sri Lanka Sweden Switzerland United Kingdom women Cayman Islands Scotland Wales laws 1832 1918 1928 United States women African Americans Native Americans felons foreigners District of Columbia Puerto Rico states Constitutional amendments: 15th, 19th, 23rd, 24th, 26th 1965 Voting Rights Act Events International Woman Suffrage Alliance conferences 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th 11th 12th 13th 14th Hong Kong 1 July marches 2014 Hong Kong protests 2019–2020 Hong Kong protests UK WSPU march (1906) Mud March (1907) Women's Sunday (1908) Black Friday (1910) Battle of Downing Street (1910) Women's Coronation Procession (1911) Great Pilgrimage (1913) Open Christmas Letter (1914) Suffragette bombing and arson campaign US Seneca Falls Convention (1848) Declaration of Sentiments (1848) Rochester Convention (1848) Ohio Women's Convention (1850) National Women's Rights Convention (1850–1869) Trial of Susan B. 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Anthony dollar New Zealand ten-dollar note 2020 US ten-dollar bill Lioness (upcoming film) vteLiberal feminismIssues Gender equality Women's suffrage Female education Right to work Violence against women Anti-discrimination law Sexism Gender pay gap and equal pay for equal work Glass ceiling Women in development Feminist foreign policy LGBT+ rights Variants Liberal state feminism Equality feminism Social feminism Equity feminism Difference feminism Individualist feminism GroupsPresent German Association of Female Citizens (1865) Danish Women's Society (1871) Norwegian Association for Women's Rights (1884) Fredrika Bremer Association (1884) International Council of Women (1888) National Council of Women of the United States (1888) Naisasialiitto Unioni (1892) International Alliance of Women (1904) Icelandic Women's Rights Association (1907) Women's International League for Peace and Freedom (1915) League of Women Voters (1920) All India Women's Conference (1927) League of Women Voters of Japan (1946) Deutscher Frauenring (1949) All Pakistan Women's Association (1949) German Women's Council (1951) Fawcett Society (1953) National Organization for Women (1966) National Women's Political Caucus (1971) UN Women (2010) Former Seneca Falls Convention (1848) National Women's Rights Convention (1850) National Society for Women's Suffrage (1867) London National Society for Women's Suffrage (1867) National Woman Suffrage Association (1869) American Woman Suffrage Association (1869) National American Woman Suffrage Association (1890) Bund Deutscher Frauenvereine (1894) National Union of Women's Suffrage Societies (1897) People Mary Wollstonecraft Judith Sargent Murray John Stuart Mill Harriet Taylor Mill Susan B. Anthony Elizabeth Cady Stanton Millicent Fawcett Na Hye-sok Gina Krog Hagbart Berner Fredrikke Marie Qvam Carrie Chapman Catt Margery Corbett Ashby Hanna Rydh Margarete Bonnevie Eva Kolstad Ra'ana Liaquat Ali Khan Betty Friedan Hillary Clinton SymbolismSunflower vteIowa Women's Hall of Fame1970s1975 Amelia Bloomer Carrie Chapman Catt Ola Babcock Miller Annie Turner Wittenmyer 1976 Susan Glaspell Cora Bussey Hillis Agnes Samuelson Ruth Buxton Sayre 1977 Jessie Binford Jessie Field Shambaugh Ida B. Wise Smith Mary Louise Smith 1978 Jacqueline Day Dorothy Houghton Carolyn Pendray Ruth Suckow 1979 Minnette Doderer Mabel Lee Mary Jane Odell Louise Rosenfeld 1980s1980 Rosa Cunningham Mary Grefe Arabella Mansfield Catherine G. Williams 1981 Mary Newbury Adams Roxanne Conlin Mary Garst Louise Rosenfield Noun 1982 Peg Stair Anderson Ruth Bluford Anderson Pearl Hogrefe Jeanne Montgomery Smith 1983 Virginia Bedell Evelyn K. Scott Davis Beverly Beth George Everett Helen LeBaron Hilton 1984 Fannie R. Buchanan Mary Frances Clarke Mary Louise Petersen Edith Rose Murphy Sackett 1985 Gladys B. Black Edna Griffin Anna B. Lawther Alice Van Wert Murray 1986 Marguerite Esters Cothorn Willie Stevenson Glanton Jessie M. Parker Dorothy Schramm 1987 Jolly Ann Horton Davidson Gwendolyn Wilson Fowler Lou Henry Hoover Nellie Walker 1988 A.Lillian Edmunds Twila Parker Lummer Marilyn O. Murphy Patricia Clare Sullivan 1989 Nancy Maria Hil Georgia Rogers Sievers Ruth Wildman Swenson Cristine Swanson Wilson 1990s1990 Mary Jane Coggeshall Betty Jean Furgerson Merle Wilna Fleming Glenda Gates Riley 1991 Mabel Lossing Jones Mary Louisa Duncan Putnam Marilyn E. Staples Lois Hattery Tiffany 1992 Virginia Harper Helen Brown Henderson Eve Schmoll Rubenstein Mary Beaumont Welch 1993 Julia Faltinson Anderson Mamie Eisenhower Phebe Sudlow Jean Adeline Morgan Wanatee 1994 Mildred Benson Lois Eichacker Gertrude Rush Evelyne Jobe Villines 1995 Sue M. Wilson Brown Mary E. Domingues Campos Gertrude Dieken Rowena Edson Stevens 1996 Joan Liffring-Zug Bourret Meridel Le Sueur Janette Stevenson Murray Mary E. Wood 1997 Charlotte Hughes Bruner Peg Mullen Beulah E. Webb Annie Nowlin Savery 1998 Bess Streeter Aldrich Janice Ann Beran Lynn G. Cutler Maude Esther White 1999 Mary Jaylene Berg Rosa Maria Escudé de Findlay Helen Navran Stein Elaine Szymoniak 2000s2000 Betty Jean Walker Clark Denise O'Brien Adeline Morrison Swain Margaret Boeye Swanson 2001 Ursula Delworth Phyllis Propp Fowle Phyllis Josephine Hughes Ann Dearing Holtgren Pellegreno 2002 Bonnie Campbell Sue Ellen Follon Alice Yost Jordan Shirley Ruedy 2003 Diana L. Findley May E. Francis Jean Hall Lloyd-Jones Margaret Mary Toomey 2004 Joy Corning Mary Ann Evans Ruth Cole Nash Sally Pederson 2005 Johnie Wright Hammond Brenda LaBlanc Susan Schechter Jo Ann Zimmerman 2006 Jeannette Eyerly Christine Grant Dorothy Marion Bouleris Paul Margaret Wragg Sloss 2007 Ruth Ann Gaines Emma J. Harvat Ada Hayden Connie Wimer 2008 Joan Urenn Axel Barbara Moorman Boatwright Hualing Nieh Engle Marilyn A. Russell 2009 Linda K. Kerber Mary Kramer Adeline Lavonne McCormick-Ohnemus Lyn Stinson 2010s2010 Julia Addington Mary Lundby Ruby L. Sutton Charese Yanney 2011 Nancy Dunkel Jacqueline Easley McGhee Charlotte Bowers Nelson Mildred Hope Fisher Wood 2012 Judith A. Conlin Teresa Marie Hernandez 2013 Deborah Ann Turner Barbara Marie Mack Patty Judge Mary Louise Sconiers Chapman 2014 Renee Hardman Mary O'Keefe Maggie Tinsman Christie Vilsack 2015 Joyce Boone Chapman Michelle D. Johnson Linda K. Neuman Marsha Ternus 2016 Grace Amemiya Angela Connolly Michele Devlin Viola Gibson 2017 Jane Boyd Joni Ernst Christine Hensley Kim Reynolds 2018 Dianne G. Bystrom Ruth Harkin Jean Y. Jew Peggy Whitson 2019 Ruth B. Klotz Mona Kadel Martin Ione Genevieve Shadduck Florine Mary Schulte Swanson 2020s2020 Mark Cady Betty Jean Dillavou Durden Ann Fry Jorgensen Helen Miller Mary Elizabeth Young Bear 2021 Cornelia Clarke (Iowa) Jan Mitchell (Iowa) Donna Reed Roxann Marie Ryan 2022 Elizabeth Bates Cowles Mary Elaine Richards Laurie Schipper Mary Swander vteInductees to the National Women's Hall of Fame1970–19791973 Jane Addams Marian Anderson Susan B. Anthony Clara Barton Mary McLeod Bethune Elizabeth Blackwell Pearl S. Buck Rachel Carson Mary Cassatt Emily Dickinson Amelia Earhart Alice Hamilton Helen Hayes Helen Keller Eleanor Roosevelt Florence Sabin Margaret Chase Smith Elizabeth Cady Stanton Helen Brooke Taussig Harriet Tubman 1976 Abigail Adams Margaret Mead Mildred "Babe" Didrikson Zaharias 1979 Dorothea Dix Juliette Gordon Low Alice Paul Elizabeth Bayley Seton 1980–19891981 Margaret Sanger Sojourner Truth 1982 Carrie Chapman Catt Frances Perkins 1983 Belva Lockwood Lucretia Mott 1984 Mary "Mother" Harris Jones Bessie Smith 1986 Barbara McClintock Lucy Stone Harriet Beecher Stowe 1988 Gwendolyn Brooks Willa Cather Sally Ride Mary Risteau Ida B. Wells-Barnett 1990–19991990 Margaret Bourke-White Barbara Jordan Billie Jean King Florence B. Seibert 1991 Gertrude Belle Elion 1993 Ethel Percy Andrus Antoinette Blackwell Emily Blackwell Shirley Chisholm Jacqueline Cochran Ruth Colvin Marian Wright Edelman Alice Evans Betty Friedan Ella Grasso Martha Wright Griffiths Fannie Lou Hamer Dorothy Height Dolores Huerta Mary Putnam Jacobi Mae Jemison Mary Lyon Mary Mahoney Wilma Mankiller Constance Baker Motley Georgia O'Keeffe Annie Oakley Rosa Parks Esther Peterson Jeannette Rankin Ellen Swallow Richards Elaine Roulet Katherine Siva Saubel Gloria Steinem Helen Stephens Lillian Wald Madam C. J. Walker Faye Wattleton Rosalyn S. Yalow Gloria Yerkovich 1994 Bella Abzug Ella Baker Myra Bradwell Annie Jump Cannon Jane Cunningham Croly Catherine East Geraldine Ferraro Charlotte Perkins Gilman Grace Hopper Helen LaKelly Hunt Zora Neale Hurston Anne Hutchinson Frances Wisebart Jacobs Susette La Flesche Louise McManus Maria Mitchell Antonia Novello Linda Richards Wilma Rudolph Betty Bone Schiess Muriel Siebert Nettie Stevens Oprah Winfrey Sarah Winnemucca Fanny Wright 1995 Virginia Apgar Ann Bancroft Amelia Bloomer Mary Breckinridge Eileen Collins Elizabeth Hanford Dole Anne Dallas Dudley Mary Baker Eddy Ella Fitzgerald Margaret Fuller Matilda Joslyn Gage Lillian Moller Gilbreth Nannerl O. Keohane Maggie Kuhn Sandra Day O'Connor Josephine St. Pierre Ruffin Pat Schroeder Hannah Greenebaum Solomon 1996 Louisa May Alcott Charlotte Anne Bunch Frances Xavier Cabrini Mary A. Hallaren Oveta Culp Hobby Wilhelmina Cole Holladay Anne Morrow Lindbergh Maria Goeppert Mayer Ernestine Louise Potowski Rose Maria Tallchief Edith Wharton 1998 Madeleine Albright Maya Angelou Nellie Bly Lydia Moss Bradley Mary Steichen Calderone Mary Ann Shadd Cary Joan Ganz Cooney Gerty Cori Sarah Grimké Julia Ward Howe Shirley Ann Jackson Shannon Lucid Katharine Dexter McCormick Rozanne L. Ridgway Edith Nourse Rogers Felice Schwartz Eunice Kennedy Shriver Beverly Sills Florence Wald Angelina Grimké Weld Chien-Shiung Wu 2000–20092000 Faye Glenn Abdellah Emma Smith DeVoe Marjory Stoneman Douglas Mary Dyer Sylvia A. Earle Crystal Eastman Jeanne Holm Leontine T. Kelly Frances Oldham Kelsey Kate Mullany Janet Reno Anna Howard Shaw Sophia Smith Ida Tarbell Wilma L. Vaught Mary Edwards Walker Annie Dodge Wauneka Eudora Welty Frances E. Willard 2001 Dorothy H. Andersen Lucille Ball Rosalynn Carter Lydia Maria Child Bessie Coleman Dorothy Day Marian de Forest Althea Gibson Beatrice A. Hicks Barbara Holdridge Harriet Williams Russell Strong Emily Howell Warner Victoria Woodhull 2002 Paulina Kellogg Wright Davis Ruth Bader Ginsburg Katharine Graham Bertha Holt Mary Engle Pennington Mercy Otis Warren 2003 Linda G. Alvarado Donna de Varona Gertrude Ederle Martha Matilda Harper Patricia Roberts Harris Stephanie L. Kwolek Dorothea Lange Mildred Robbins Leet Patsy Takemoto Mink Sacagawea Anne Sullivan Sheila E. Widnall 2005 Florence E. Allen Ruth Fulton Benedict Betty Bumpers Hillary Clinton Rita Rossi Colwell Mother Marianne Cope Maya Y. Lin Patricia A. Locke Blanche Stuart Scott Mary Burnett Talbert 2007 Eleanor K. Baum Julia Child Martha Coffin Pelham Wright Swanee Hunt Winona LaDuke Elisabeth Kübler-Ross Judith L. Pipher Catherine Filene Shouse Henrietta Szold 2009 Louise Bourgeois Mildred Cohn Karen DeCrow Susan Kelly-Dreiss Allie B. Latimer Emma Lazarus Ruth Patrick Rebecca Talbot Perkins Susan Solomon Kate Stoneman 2010–20192011 St. Katharine Drexel Dorothy Harrison Eustis Loretta C. Ford Abby Kelley Foster Helen Murray Free Billie Holiday Coretta Scott King Lilly Ledbetter Barbara A. Mikulski Donna E. Shalala Kathrine Switzer 2013 Betty Ford Ina May Gaskin Julie Krone Kate Millett Nancy Pelosi Mary Joseph Rogers Bernice Sandler Anna Schwartz Emma Willard 2015 Tenley Albright Nancy Brinker Martha Graham Marcia Greenberger Barbara Iglewski Jean Kilbourne Carlotta Walls LaNier Philippa Marrack Mary Harriman Rumsey Eleanor Smeal 2017 Matilda Cuomo Temple Grandin Lorraine Hansberry Victoria Jackson Sherry Lansing Clare Boothe Luce Aimee Mullins Carol Mutter Janet Rowley Alice Waters 2019 Gloria Allred Angela Davis Sarah Deer Jane Fonda Nicole Malachowski Rose O'Neill Louise Slaughter Sonia Sotomayor Laurie Spiegel Flossie Wong-Staal 2020–20292020 Aretha Franklin Barbara Hillary Barbara Rose Johns Henrietta Lacks Toni Morrison Mary Church Terrell 2022 Octavia E. Butler Judy Chicago Rebecca S. 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