The Vale of Cedars

- By Grace Aguilar
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English novelist, poet and writer (1816–1847) Grace AguilarGrace AguilarBorn(1816-06-02)2 June 1816Hackney, London, EnglandDied16 September 1847(1847-09-16) (aged 31)Frankfurt, Hessen, GermanyResting placeFrankfurt Jewish cemetery, Hessen, GermanyNationalityEnglishOccupation(s)Novelist, poet, essayist Grace Aguilar (2 June 1816 – 16 September 1847) was an English novelist, poet and writer on Jewish history and religion. Although she had been writing since childhood, much of her work was published posthumously. Among those are her best known works, the novels Home Influence and A Mother's Recompense. Aguilar was the eldest child of Sephardic Jewish refugees from Portugal who settled in the London Borough of Hackney. An early illness resulted in her being educated by her parents, especially her mother, who taught her the tenets of Judaism. Later, her father taught the history of Spanish and Portuguese Jews during his own bout with tuberculosis which had led the family to move to the English coast. After surviving the measles at the age of 19, she began to embark on a serious writing career, even though her physical health never completely recovered. Aguilar's debut was an anonymous collection of poems, The Magic Wreath of Hidden Flowers. Three years later she translated Isaac Orobio de Castro's Israel Defended into English at her father's behest. Later her The Spirit of Judaism drew interest and sales in both Britain and the United States after being published in Philadelphia by Isaac Leeser. He added a preface to the work elucidating his differences with her, the first of many clashes her work would have with mainstream Jewish thought. In the 1840s her novels began to attract regular readers, and Aguilar moved back to London with her parents. Despite her success, she and her mother still had to operate a boys' Hebrew school to stay solvent, which she resented for the time and energy it took from her writing. In 1847, she became ill again with a spinal paralysis which she did not let prevent her from visiting her brother in Frankfurt. Her health worsened and she died there that September. Biography[edit] Childhood[edit] Grace Aguilar was born in the northeast London suburb of Hackney, London, on 2 June 1816.[1] She was the oldest child of her parents, who were both descended from Portuguese Jews. Her family settled in Jamaica and eventually in England in the 18th century following the Portuguese Inquisition. Emanuel, her father, was the lay leader of London's Spanish and Portuguese Synagogue, and her mother Sarah was active in the city's Jewish community as well. Her religious background and illnesses, both hers and her parents', were major factors in her life and influential on her work.[2][3] Illness and education[edit] For her first eight years, Aguilar was an only child. During this time, Aguilar suffered from a chronic long-term illness that led her parents to educate her at home.[4] She was tutored in the classics at home and (even in adulthood) was not permitted to move outside of her family circle. Her mother, in keeping with post-Inquisition practice among Sephardic Jews from the Iberian Peninsula, educated the young Aguilar in her religion and its tenets. Her condition did not stop her from learning to dance and play the harp and piano, common pursuits for middle-class English girls of that era, or traveling. After her brother Emanuel was born in 1823[5] the family went on an extended tour of Gloucestershire.[6] When Aguilar's father contracted tuberculosis, the family moved to Devon. While Grace was taking care of him, her father taught her the oral history of the Jews of Spain and Portugal, complementing her mother's earlier instruction in Judaism. He may also have taught her Hebrew, which was extremely unusual for a Jewish woman to know at that time. Both her religious and literary interests date to that time of her life; she began indulging them both by making her first efforts at poetry and fiction and attending some Protestant services. A collection of conch shells she found on a Teignmouth beach spurred her to attempt a scientific paper on the subject.[6][7] Sarah Aguilar's health took a turn for the worse during this period, as she recovered from surgical treatment for an illness that has not yet been identified from the records available, and Grace spent time taking care of her as she had her father.[8] In 1835, at the age of 19, Grace was again taken ill herself, with measles. She never completely recovered.[9] Writing career[edit] The family moved to Brighton afterwards, perhaps to be closer to London's Jewish community. The two Aguilar boys had been sent to boarding school, but with her parents' health declining, Grace began to think about her responsibilities to not only them but her brothers as well. She decided to try making a living as a writer, and that year was able to get her first book of poems published. Her first book was successful enough that a second run was printed in 1839, and she began writing in earnest.[8] Much of this work was published posthumously, with one exception. In 1838 Aguilar's father prevailed upon her to translate Isaac Orobio de Castro's Israel Defended, an apologia for Judaism, from the original French for private distribution among Brighton's Jewish community. She added a preface that, albeit with some ambivalence, explained that she had softened Orobio's castigations of Christians as a result of the tolerance she felt Victorian England had shown to its Jewish population compared with Catholic Spain and Portugal. Two years later the family returned to London.[10] There, Aguilar befriended the young Benjamin Disraeli, whose father Isaac was a well-known author. The older man was able to help her find a publisher. He declined, but on her own she was able to persuade Isaac Leeser, editor of The Occident, an American Jewish magazine, to publish her theological tract The Spirit of Judaism as the initial volume of a new series of books he was bringing out. The original manuscript was lost at sea, but Aguilar was able to recreate it from her notes, and it was published in 1842. When she received her copy, Aguilar was angry that Leeser had added a preface detailing his differences of opinion with Aguilar.[11] The book was nevertheless well-received, and Aguilar began publishing poems in small English journals. Isaac D'Israeli now chose to help her, possibly introducing her to Edward Moxon, his own publisher. Moxon in turn introduced her to R. Groombridge & Sons, the large publisher that would eventually bring out most of her work in Britain.[12] Despite her anger over the preface he added to The Spirit of Judaism, Aguilar continued to publish her poetry in Leeser's journals. She befriended Solomon Cohen, the first Jewish state senator in Georgia and his wife Miriam, which contributed to the success of her work in the South as they distributed her books widely there. In England, her domestic fiction drew readers and acclaim. However, she still needed to run a boys' Hebrew school with her mother to make enough money to live on, an obligation she complained about bitterly and repeatedly in her letters to Miriam Cohen, since she felt it took away from the time she had to write. She also anguished over the fate of her brother Henry, who had chosen a career as a sailor.[13] The last years of her life were busy. In 1841 she joined with Charlotte Montefiore writing the periodical "The Cheap Jewish Library, Dedicated to the Working Classes", which has been described as "providing a context in which female authors corresponded and encouraged one another in publication, and thus [...] contributing to the beginnings of a Jewish women's movement in England."[14] Aguilar turned to nonfiction, producing Women of Israel, an account of the lives of Jewish women that was recognized as her masterpiece. In 1845, the family was able to move again, to a house on Hackney's Clapton Square, where she tended to her father until his death the following year.[15] Last years and death[edit] In 1847 Aguilar came down with a spinal paralysis; in spite of the illness she went ahead with a planned trip to Europe. Before her departure some Jewish women of London presented her with a gift and an address recounting her achievements in behalf of Judaism and Jewish women. She later visited Emanuel at Frankfurt, where he had become a successful musician. At first she seemed to benefit by the change of scene and climate, but after a few weeks she went to the baths of Schwalbach for treatment. More symptoms led her return to Frankfurt, where she died on 16 September 1847. Aguilar was buried at the Frankfurt Jewish cemetery in Hessen, Germany. The epitaph of her tombstone was taken from Proverbs 31, the section of the biblical work on the "woman of valor":"Give her of the fruit of her hands; and let her own works praise her at the gate".[16] Literary works[edit] Aguilar's literary career began with the diary she started at seven and continued, uninterrupted, until her death. Before she was twelve she had written a drama, Gustavus Vasa, which has since been lost.[7] Her first verses were evoked two years later by the scenery about Tavistock in Devonshire.[17] Her early collected poems, under the title The Magic Wreath of Hidden Flowers, were published anonymously in 1835; each is a riddle with clues to the name of a particular flower.[7] Aguilar's productions are chiefly stories and religious works dealing with Jewish subjects. The former embrace domestic tales, tales founded on Marano history, and a romance of Scottish history, The Days of Bruce (1852). The most popular of the Jewish tales is The Vale of Cedars, or the Martyr: A Story of Spain in the Fifteenth Century, written before 1835, published in 1850, and twice translated into German and twice into Hebrew. Her other stories founded on Jewish episodes are included in a collection of nineteen tales, Home Scenes and Heart Studies (published posthumously 1852);[18] The Perez Family (1843) and The Edict together with The Escape, had appeared as two separate volumes; the others were reprinted from magazines. Her domestic tales are Home Influence (1847) and its sequel, The Mother's Recompense (1851), both of them written early in 1836, Woman's Friendship (1851), and Helon: A Fragment from Jewish History (1852).[18] The first of Aguilar's religious works was a translation of the French version of Israel Defended, by the Marrano Orobio de Castro, printed for private circulation. It was closely followed by "The Spirit of Judaism," the publication of which was for a time prevented by the loss of the original manuscript. Sermons by Rabbi Isaac Leeser, of Philadelphia, had fallen into her hands and, like all other accessible Jewish works, had been eagerly read. She requested him to revise the manuscript of the Spirit of Judaism, which was forwarded to him, but was lost. The author rewrote it; and in 1842 it was published in Philadelphia, with notes by Leeser. A second edition was issued in 1849 by the first American Jewish Publication Society; and a third (Cincinnati, 1864) has an appendix containing thirty-two poems (bearing date 1838-1847), all but two reprinted from "The Occident". The editor's notes serve mainly to mark dissent from Aguilar's depreciation of Jewish tradition – due probably to her Marrano ancestry and to her country life, cut off from association with Jews. In 1845 The Women of Israel appeared—a series of portraits delineated according to the Scriptures and Josephus. This was soon followed by "The Jewish Faith: Its Spiritual Consolation, Moral Guidance, and Immortal Hope," in thirty-one letters, the last dated September, 1846. Of this work—addressed to a Jewess under the spell of Christian influence, to demonstrate to her the spirituality of Judaism—the larger part is devoted to immortality in the Old Testament. Aguilar's other religious writings —some of them written as early as 1836—were collected in a volume of Essays and Miscellanies (1851–52). The first part consists of Sabbath Thoughts on Scriptural passages and prophecies; the second, of "Communings" for the family circle. In her religious writings Aguilar's attitude was defensive. Despite her almost exclusive intercourse with Christians and her utter lack of prejudice, her purpose, apparently, was to equip English Jewish women with arguments against conversionists. She inveighed against formalism, and laid stress upon knowledge of Jewish history and the Hebrew language. In view of the neglect of the latter by women (to whom she modestly confined her expostulations), she constantly pleaded for the reading of the Scriptures in the English version. Her interest in the reform movement was deep; yet, despite her attitude toward tradition, she observed ritual ordinances punctiliously. Her last work was a sketch of the "History of the Jews in England", written for "Chambers's Miscellany." In point of style it is the most finished of her productions, free from the exuberances and redundancies that disfigure the tales—published, for the most part, posthumously by her mother. The defects of her style are mainly chargeable to youth. With her extraordinary industry—she rose early and employed the day systematically—and her growing ability of concentration she gave promise of noteworthy productions. Works[edit] Woman's Friendship: A Story Of Domestic Life (1850) The Vale of Cedars; Or, The Martyr (1851) Home Influence: A Tale for Mothers and Daughters (1856) The Mother's Recompense, Volume 1, 2 (1859) The Days of Bruce Vol. 1 (1871) Home Scenes and Heart Studies (1876) Legacy[edit] The Aguilar branch of the New York Public Library, located in the East Harlem section of New York City is named after Grace Aguilar.[19] References[edit] ^ "Grace Aguilar | Jewish Women's Archive". jwa.org. Retrieved 7 May 2019. ^ Galchinsky, 17. ^ Brown, Susan. "Grace Aguilar". Orlando Project. Cambridge University Press. Archived from the original on 10 March 2015. Retrieved 8 March 2015., ^ "Grace Aguilar | British author". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 7 May 2019. ^ Emanuel Abraham Aguilar (1824-1904) was a concert pianist and composer of three symphonies, two operas, choral, vocal and piano music ^ a b Galchinsky, 18. ^ a b c Galchinsky, Michael (1998–2015). "Grace Aguilar". Jewish Women's Archive. Retrieved 8 March 2015. ^ a b Galchinsky, 20. ^ Bitton-Jackson, Livia (7 September 2012). "Grace Aguilar: The Spirit of Judaism". The Jewish Press. Retrieved 8 March 2015. ^ Galchinsky, 21. ^ Galchinsky, 22. ^ Galchinsky, 23. ^ Galchinsky, 24. ^ "Montefiore, Charlotte Simcha". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/105616. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.) ^ Galchinsky, 27. ^ Galchinsky, 28. ^ Aguilar, Grace (2003). Galchinsky, Michael (ed.). Grace Aguilar: Selected Writings. Peterborough, ON: Broadview Press. p. 19. ISBN 9781770484245. Retrieved 8 March 2015. ^ a b Aguilar, Grace (1902). The Vale of Cedars & Other Tales. London: J.M. Dent & Co. p. vi. ^ Gray, Christopher (9 June 1996). "Streetscapes/Aguilar Library, 174 West 110th Street;A Library Branch That Wasn't Designed by the Book". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2 March 2023. Further reading[edit] "Aguilar, Grace". Victorian Jewish Writers Project. 2022. "Aguilar, Grace" . Dictionary of National Biography. Vol. 1. 1885. pp. 179–180. "Aguilar, Grace" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 1 (11th ed.). 1911. p. 248.  "Aguilar, Grace", A Short Biographical Dictionary of English Literature, 1910, p. 5 – via Wikisource  "Aguilar, Grace". The Jewish Encyclopedia. Vol. 1. 1901. p. 274–275. Henry Gardiner Adams, ed. (1857). "Aguilar, Grace". A Cyclopaedia of Female Biography: 22–23. Wikidata Q115405110. External links[edit] Wikiquote has quotations related to Grace Aguilar. Works by Grace Aguilar at Project Gutenberg Works by or about Grace Aguilar at Internet Archive Works by Grace Aguilar at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks) Works by Grace Aguilar at Open Library Works by Grace Aguilar at Victorian Jewish Writers Project Grace Aguilar (1816-1847) Michael Dugdale's Grace Aguilar biography site Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF National Norway Spain France BnF data Catalonia Germany Israel United States Latvia Czech Republic Australia Netherlands Poland Academics CiNii People Deutsche Biographie Trove Other SNAC IdRef
CHAPTER I.
"They had met, and they had parted; Time had closed o'er each again, Leaving lone the weary hearted Mournfully to wear his chain."-MS.
A deliciously cool, still evening, had succeeded the intense heat of a Spanish summer day, throwing rich shadows and rosy gleams on a wild, rude mountain pass in central Spain. Massive crags and gigantic trees seemed to contest dominion over the path, if path it could be called; where the traveller, if he would persist in going onwards, could only make his way by sometimes scrambling over rocks, whose close approach from opposite sides presented a mere fissure covered with flowers and brushwood, through which the slimmest figure would fail to penetrate; sometimes wading through rushing and brawling streams, whose rapid currents bore many a jagged branch and craggy fragment along with them; sometimes threading the intricacies of a dense forest, recognizing the huge pine, the sweet acorn oak, the cork tree, interspersed with others of lesser growth, but of equally wild perplexing luxuriance. On either side-at times so close that two could not walk abreast, at others so divided that forests and streams intervened-arose mountain walls seeming to reach the very heavens, their base covered with trees and foliage, which gradually thinning, left their dark heads totally barren, coming out in clear relief against the deep blue sky.
That this pass led to any inhabited district was little probable, for it grew wilder and wilder, appearing to lead to the very heart of the Sierra Toledo-a huge ridge traversing Spain. By human foot it had evidently been seldom trod; yet on this particular evening a traveller there wended his solitary way. His figure was slight to boyishness, but of fair proportion, and of such graceful agility of movement, that the obstacles in his path, which to others of stouter mould and heavier step might have been of serious inconvenience, appeared by him as unnoticed as unfelt. The deep plume of his broad-rimmed hat could not conceal the deep blue restless eyes, the delicate complexion, and rich brown clustering hair; the varying expression of features, which if not regularly handsome, were bright with intelligence and truth, and betraying like a crystal mirror every impulse of the heart-characteristics both of feature and disposition wholly dissimilar to the sons of Spain.
His physiognomy told truth. Arthur Stanley was, as his name implied, an Englishman of noble family; one of the many whom the disastrous wars of the Roses had rendered voluntary exiles. His father and four brothers had fallen in battle at Margaret's side. Himself and a twin brother, when scarcely fifteen, were taken prisoners at Tewkesbury, and for three years left to languish in prison. Wishing to conciliate the still powerful family of Stanley, Edward offered the youths liberty and honor if they would swear allegiance to himself. They refused peremptorily; and with a refinement of cruelty more like Richard of Gloucester than himself, Edward ordered one to the block, the other to perpetual imprisonment. They drew lots, and Edwin Stanley perished. Arthur, after an interval, succeeded in effecting his escape, and fled from England, lingered in Provence a few months, and then unable to bear an inactive life, hastened to the Court of Arragon; to the heir apparent of which, he bore letters of introduction, from men of rank and influence, and speedily distinguished himself in the wars then agitating Spain. The character of the Spaniards-impenetrable and haughty reserve-occasioned, in general, prejudice and dislike towards all foreigners. But powerful as was their pride, so was their generosity; and the young and lonely stranger, who had thrown himself so trustingly and frankly on their friendship, was universally received with kindness and regard. In men of lower natures, indeed, prejudice still lingered; but this was of little matter; Arthur speedily took his place among the noblest chivalry of Spain; devoted to the interests of the King of Sicily, but still glorying in the name and feeling of an Englishman, he resolved, in his young enthusiasm, to make his country honored in himself.
He had been five years in Spain, and was now four and twenty; but few would have imagined him that age, so frank and free and full of thoughtless mirth and hasty impulse was his character. These last fifteen months, however, a shadow seemed to have fallen over him, not deep enough to create remark, but felt by himself. His feelings, always ardent, had been all excited, and were all concentrated, on a subject so wrapt in mystery, that the wish to solve it engrossed his whole being. Except when engaged in the weary stratagem, the rapid march, and actual conflict, necessary for Ferdinand's interest, but one thought, composed of many, occupied his mind, and in solitude so distractingly, that he could never rest; he would traverse the country for miles, conscious indeed of what he sought, but perfectly unconscious where he went.
It was in one of these moods he had entered the pass we have described, rejoicing in its difficulties, but not thinking where it led, or what place he sought, when a huge crag suddenly rising almost perpendicularly before him, effectually roused him from his trance. Outlet there was none. All around him towered mountains, reaching to the skies. The path was so winding, that, as he looked round bewildered, he could not even imagine how he came there. To retrace his steps, seemed quite as difficult as to proceed. The sun too had declined, or was effectually concealed by the towering rocks, for sudden darkness seemed around him. There was but one way, and Stanley prepared to scale the precipitous crag before him with more eagerness than he would a beaten path. He threw off his cloak, folded it in the smallest possible compass, and secured it like a knapsack to his shoulders, slung his sword over his neck, and, with a vigorous spring, which conquered several paces of slippery rock at once, commenced the ascent. Some brushwood, and one or two stunted trees, gave him now and then a hold for his hands; and occasional ledges in the rock, a resting for his foot; but still one false step, one failing nerve, and he must have fallen backwards and been dashed to pieces; but to Arthur the danger was his safety. Where he was going, indeed he knew not. He could see no further than the summit of the crag, which appeared like a line against the sky; but any bewilderment were preferable to the strange stagnation towards outward objects, which had enwrapped him ten minutes before.
Panting, breathless, almost exhausted, he reached the summit, and before him yawned a chasm, dark, fathomless, as if nature in some wild convulsion had rent the rock asunder. The level ground on which he stood was barely four feet square; behind him sloped the most precipitous side of the crag, devoid of tree or bush, and slippery from the constant moisture that formed a deep black pool at its base. Stanley hazarded but one glance behind, then looked steadily forward, till his eye seemed accustomed to the width of the chasm, which did not exceed three feet. He fixed his hold firmly on a blasted trunk growing within the chasm; It shook-gave way-another moment and he would have been lost; but in that moment he loosed his hold, clasped both hands above his head, and successfully made the leap-aware only of the immense effort by the exhaustion which followed compelling him to sink down on the grass, deprived even of energy to look around him.
So marvellous was the change of scenery on which his eyes unclosed, that he started to his feet, bewildered. A gradual hill, partly covered with rich meadow grass, and partly with corn, diversified with foliage, sloped downwards, leading by an easy descent to a small valley, where orange and lime trees, the pine and chestnut, palm and cedar, grew in beautiful luxuriance. On the left was a small dwelling, almost hidden in trees. Directly beneath him a natural fountain threw its sparkling showers on beds of sweet-scented and gayly-colored flowers. The hand of man had very evidently aided nature in forming the wild yet chaste beauty of the scene; and Arthur bounded down the slope, disturbing a few tame sheep and goats on his way, determined on discovering the genius of the place.
No living object was visible, however; and with his usual reckless spirit, he resolved on exploring further, ere he demanded the hospitality of the dwelling. A narrow path led into a thicker wood, and in the very heart of its shade stood a small edifice, the nature of which Arthur vainly endeavored to understand. It was square, and formed of solid blocks of cedar; neither carving nor imagery of any kind adorned it; yet it had evidently been built with skill and care. There was neither tower nor bell, the usual accompaniments of a chapel, which Stanley had at first imagined it; and he stood gazing on it more and more bewildered. At that moment, a female voice of singular and thrilling beauty sounded from within. It was evidently a hymn she chanted, for the strain was slow and solemn, but though words were distinctly intelligible, their language was entirely unknown. The young man listened at first, conscious only of increasing wonderment, which was quickly succeeded by a thrill of hope, so strange, so engrossing, that he stood, outwardly indeed as if turned to stone; inwardly, with every pulse so throbbing that to move or speak was impossible. The voice ceased; and in another minute a door, so skilfully constructed as when closed to be invisible in the solid wall, opened noiselessly; and a female figure stood before him.

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Word Lists:

Crag : a steep or rugged cliff or rock face.

Chasm : a deep fissure in the earth, rock, or another surface

Precipitous : dangerously high or steep

Stagnation : the state of not flowing or moving

Wonderment : a state of awed admiration or respect

Physiognomy : a person's facial features or expression, especially when regarded as indicative of character or ethnic origin

Dissimilar : not alike; different

Bewildered : perplexed and confused; very puzzled

Knapsack : a bag with shoulder straps, carried on the back, and typically made of canvas or other weatherproof material.

Intersperse : scatter among or between other things; place here and there

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Additional Information:

Rating: Words in the Passage: 1640 Unique Words: 746 Sentences: 53
Noun: 393 Conjunction: 178 Adverb: 111 Interjection: 1
Adjective: 161 Pronoun: 124 Verb: 281 Preposition: 207
Letter Count: 7,793 Sentiment: Positive Tone: Neutral (Slightly Formal) Difficult Words: 481
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