What History Was, Is, and Will Be: Crash Course European History #50 - Free Educational videos for Students in K-12

What History Was, Is, and Will Be: Crash Course European History #50 - By CrashCourse

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00:0-1	Hi , I'm john green and this is crash course
00:01	, european history and we've done it . We've reached
00:04	the end of history or I guess I should say
00:06	we've reached the present day and what a day it
00:10	is . So today we want to look back on
00:12	this course to examine history itself . How did the
00:15	study of history begin ? How has it changed and
00:17	how will it continue to evolve and why does it
00:21	all matter ? So , last time we mentioned a
00:32	book by Nobel prize winner , Svetlana Alexievich called an
00:35	oral history , which shows a new ish way of
00:38	studying the past . Newish because it depended on evidence
00:42	of people's spoken words and on their memories instead of
00:46	just written records , Alexievich valued memories , sad ,
00:50	opinionated , defiant or nostalgic as markers of what was
00:54	historically important . For example , how did ordinary people
00:58	react to events like the Chernobyl disaster ? Or say
01:01	Stalin's regime instead of making Stalin and the people close
01:06	to him the center of the story , Alexandrovich centered
01:09	the story elsewhere . And in doing so , she
01:11	showed what life felt like for a much broader range
01:15	of people . A woman recalled her childhood of intense
01:17	poverty , living in a mud hut and having for
01:20	companions . The interesting bugs that crept along the walls
01:24	. History hadn't always taken bugs and desperately poor people's
01:28	lives as its subjects like . As you may remember
01:31	when crash course , european history began the 100 or
01:34	so years war and the bubonic plague were killing off
01:37	people . And in those days people noted big events
01:40	such as plague or weather disasters because they were seen
01:43	as evidence of God's work . And so back then
01:46	, history was kind of a calendar that showed what
01:50	God was doing to us and when , but not
01:53	nearly enough about the why . Why anyway , remember
01:57	when plagues were a big driver of human history stan
01:59	. Can we roll the tape back to 2012 ?
02:02	Some superbug shows up tomorrow when it travels through all
02:05	these global trade routes and kills every living human ,
02:08	then globalization will have been very bad for human history
02:11	. Yeah , great thanks dan . If I knew
02:13	it was coming , why wasn't I prepared ? Right
02:15	? So away from my existential crisis and back to
02:18	history . So historians started out noting what God was
02:22	doing to us and when and then began noting the
02:25	big events of a monarch's reign and royal genealogy ,
02:29	which increasingly became the model of what history should be
02:32	. A record of what a monarch had caused to
02:34	happen . Alongside records of what God had caused to
02:37	happen for generations , historians in europe followed this idea
02:41	of noting big political events and european historians set many
02:46	of the standards for doing history that are still in
02:49	practice today around the world and then from around the
02:52	time of the french revolution and the age of nation
02:54	building history started to lay down several claims about why
02:58	we should study history and why history was so important
03:03	. First , history was said to be objective ,
03:06	based on records found in government archives . Second ,
03:09	it was an important foundation to the growing nation states
03:12	taking shape in the 19th century . Like imagine that
03:15	you're a newborn baby nation , you need to find
03:18	ways to legitimize yourself to define , for instance ,
03:21	what it means to be French and why France is
03:25	a real and legitimate idea and part of how nations
03:29	did this was by studying and in some ways creating
03:32	french history . The idea was that the nation state
03:35	could be demonstrably truthful because it relied on official documents
03:39	about how it came into being and how it replaced
03:42	absolute monarchs . So instead of getting its authority solely
03:45	from God , as absolute monarchies had , the state's
03:48	authority would come from objective history , showing the factual
03:53	historical ties that bound to people together . That's why
03:56	in the United States , students study american history and
03:59	in France . Students study french history and alongside studying
04:03	and legitimizing the nation state historical teaching and writing became
04:07	a profession increasingly attached to universities and upholding strict standards
04:11	of truth and objectivity . And these professional historians teaching
04:15	in universities and doing research in government , church or
04:18	other archives devised the seminar method in which they presented
04:21	documents for their students to decipher and debate and scrutinize
04:25	so that those students could find the true and objective
04:28	meaning about the workings of politics and government . The
04:31	seminar method was most developed in Germany and took place
04:34	in seminar rooms , you know , wood panels ,
04:38	fancy fireplaces , the rooms they put in the college
04:41	brochures , and then you get to the actual college
04:44	and it's just a bunch of cinderblocks , professors sometimes
04:46	even locked those rooms to keep out the public ,
04:49	especially women who might be interested in history , but
04:52	weren't seen as worthy or capable of studying the grand
04:56	formation of nations or the deeds of national leaders .
05:00	And yet all the while in the 19th century ,
05:02	there were amateur historians studying a range of quite different
05:05	matters . They wrote about village customs , domestic life
05:09	and the work life of ordinary people like blacksmiths or
05:12	shoemakers or farmers in England . The Strickland sisters wrote
05:16	hugely popular histories and much reprinted biographies of queens and
05:20	Princesses from the Middle Ages down to their own 19th
05:23	century . And so at times it was amateurs working
05:25	outside the university system who brought professional historians into the
05:29	20th century , but also as industry developed and working
05:32	class men and farmers and eventually women got the right
05:35	to vote . History slowly came to understand that those
05:38	people's lives were also noteworthy and that in fact they
05:42	were driving much historical change , not just through their
05:45	votes but also through their other choices from how women
05:49	spent money to what kinds of seeds farmers used in
05:52	their fields . All right , let's go to the
05:54	thought bubble . In 18 97 in the United States
05:57	, lucy Maynard Salmon of professor at Vassar College wrote
06:00	a history of domestic servants and then histories of kitchens
06:04	and cookbooks and the historic sites of pedestrian might see
06:08	in an ordinary town . She used newspapers as evidence
06:12	. Some historians found her work unworthy of her talents
06:15	as her first book had been a prize winning study
06:17	of an important topic , the appointing powers of the
06:21	U . S . Presidents To them , Salmon seemed
06:23	to have fallen . That was because the history considered
06:26	most important , which professors and teachers researched and taught
06:30	was about treaties and alliances and the much loved topic
06:33	of warfare . But in this way of teaching history
06:36	, much was being lost . War for instance ,
06:39	wasn't only about generals and they're planning as louis morton
06:43	, famed military historian at Dartmouth College said to his
06:45	graduate class , anyone can draw a battle plan and
06:48	its execution . And on the spot he drew several
06:51	on the blackboard that students suggested . But the real
06:54	history of war is about the involvement of society at
06:58	home and on the front and the policies needed to
07:01	pursue the war itself . Thanks thought bubble . And
07:04	so over time history became less a study of individual
07:08	great geniuses and the great genius of their battle plans
07:12	and more a study of large groups of people working
07:16	together . Because in the end , generals without soldiers
07:19	don't get a ton accomplished . All right , let's
07:21	move on to another long ignored kind of person in
07:24	history , Children . But that would change . In
07:27	1960 , French historian Felipe Arias produced his classic centuries
07:31	of childhood , which argued that love was not necessarily
07:35	a family value before modern times . Much of Arias's
07:39	work is now refuted but its emphasis on emotion and
07:43	changing moral values and childhood was very significant . Meanwhile
07:47	, notable english historians like E . P . Thompson
07:50	and eric Hobsbawm began writing about working class religion in
07:53	1963 . And social and cultural history expanded in the
07:56	U . S . As well , where Eugene Genovese
07:58	wrote , Roll Jordan Roll , the world , the
08:01	slaves made , which re centered historical narratives about slavery
08:05	. And in 1975 american aid ian author Natalie's Eamon
08:08	Davis presented a picture of the charivari , an event
08:11	in which ordinary people turned the world upside down through
08:14	social mockery , cross dressing and obscenity and german historians
08:18	proceeded to make the study of everyday life not only
08:20	into historical narratives but also into a theory of history
08:24	, complete with a magical german word to describe it
08:27	. All tugs guest six to I'll remind you by
08:30	the way that mispronouncing things , especially german things is
08:33	my thing . But in all these cases we see
08:35	history expanding beyond the battlefield or the deeds of the
08:38	rich and powerful . Now some might protest that history
08:42	should be about the powerful . But even notions of
08:45	power have changed . In older historical understandings , power
08:49	involved the direct force of a king or other ruler
08:52	on a person or group . Like think about the
08:54	command off with his head . I mean that's a
08:57	real statement of power . If you can say the
08:59	words off with his head and then someone's head is
09:02	removed from their body . That's obviously power . But
09:05	it's not the only kind of power , right ?
09:07	And in modern times , power is often seen as
09:09	participatory and moving through society . And political power is
09:14	often seen as participatory too , not just in the
09:17	form of voting , but also public protest . Were
09:19	not necessarily powerful in the way royalty once was ,
09:22	but instead as part of a modern society , power
09:25	flows through us as we act as citizens or soldiers
09:29	or patients or skateboarders or shoppers or viewers or anything
09:32	else . We each express our power by participating in
09:35	systems that in turn have power over us . Whether
09:38	that's systems of criminal justice or transportation systems . It's
09:43	critical to understand however , that the way those systems
09:46	function and the way that power flows is uneven and
09:50	unjust . I'm speaking to you amid a global disease
09:53	pandemic that has reminded us that it's an expression of
09:56	human power to leave the house and also an expression
10:00	of human power to stay inside because how we interact
10:04	with each other and right now , whether we physically
10:06	interact with each other , shapes the way we all
10:09	end up living or indeed whether we all end up
10:13	living . So in this new understanding of power flowing
10:15	through systems and individuals , power operates among .

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