Phonetics 1 - Consonants: Crash Course Linguistics #8 - By CrashCourse
Transcript
00:0-1 | Hi , I'm taylor and welcome to crash course linguistics | |
00:02 | . Spelling can be a mess . Take the letters | |
00:04 | O U G H . They're pronounced differently in tough | |
00:08 | cough though through bow and brought the letters don't always | |
00:13 | match the sounds they represent . What's more people can | |
00:15 | pronounce the same words in different ways . There's a | |
00:18 | difference between I am going to get you and I'm | |
00:23 | gonna get you . If we want to talk about | |
00:25 | the different ways people can pronounce the same spellings or | |
00:28 | which sounds exist in different languages . It's useful to | |
00:31 | have a more precise understanding of how language sounds work | |
00:34 | . The study of speech sounds is called phonetics and | |
00:37 | the writing system that linguists used to write pronunciation very | |
00:40 | precisely . It's called the international phonetic alphabet . Yeah | |
00:54 | . Speech sounds don't include coughing , sneezing or belching | |
00:58 | there . The sounds that spoken languages combined with each | |
01:01 | other to make words . Well , there are a | |
01:02 | finite number of speech sounds . We can use them | |
01:05 | to make an infinite number of words to understand speech | |
01:08 | sounds . We first need to understand how the human | |
01:10 | body produces them . We start with the lungs , | |
01:12 | which push air up through the vocal folds . Also | |
01:15 | known as the vocal cords . Your vocal folds are | |
01:17 | thin membranes that sit across your throat and vibrate to | |
01:20 | make sound . This path which moves from lungs to | |
01:23 | lips , is known as the vocal tract . We | |
01:25 | can change the shape of any part of the vocal | |
01:27 | track to make or articulate different sounds like a wind | |
01:30 | instrument . When air goes through it , it makes | |
01:33 | a sound . You're like a squishy wet meat clarinet | |
01:36 | that can articulate sounds . I'm sure that's an image | |
01:39 | you'll never forget . For spoken language is the tongue | |
01:42 | , mouth and the rest of the vocal tract are | |
01:44 | the articulator . The parts of the body that moved | |
01:46 | to make language for signed languages , the articulator of | |
01:50 | the hands , face , and other visible parts of | |
01:52 | the body . There are five major features of signed | |
01:55 | language articulation hand shape , such as the difference between | |
01:58 | the sl sign for red and sweet palm orientation , | |
02:01 | such as the difference between balance with the palm's down | |
02:04 | and maybe with the palms up movement , such as | |
02:07 | moving in a circle for always or a line for | |
02:10 | scold location like mother at the chin or father at | |
02:14 | the forehead and expression also called non manual signs , | |
02:17 | like furrowed eyebrows to make something a yes or no | |
02:20 | question . There are some conventions for writing sign language | |
02:22 | is down , but there is less consensus about how | |
02:25 | to write them than with spoken languages describing all these | |
02:29 | systems in detail would be a whole . Nother video | |
02:31 | spoken language linguists also describe sounds in relation to how | |
02:35 | they're made with the articulate . Urz consonants are speech | |
02:38 | sounds made by closing the vocal tract in some way | |
02:40 | while vowels are made by making it a different shape | |
02:43 | . But leaving it open , we'll look more closely | |
02:45 | at fouls in the next episode to dive into how | |
02:48 | linguists right spoken languages down , let's start with some | |
02:51 | consonant sounds , you know , which happened to be | |
02:53 | some of the most common sounds and languages across the | |
02:55 | world Pull two and Cook . Try making these yourself | |
03:00 | and pay attention to what your mouth is doing per | |
03:04 | to cook these sounds all require you to close off | |
03:07 | part of the vocal track to make air stop before | |
03:10 | you let it explode out , which is why they're | |
03:12 | known as stops or PLO sieves . These three sounds | |
03:15 | are made it three different spots in the vocal tract | |
03:17 | , which linguists call places of articulation . We often | |
03:21 | name these places according to the parts of the vocal | |
03:24 | track used to make the sound so since puff is | |
03:26 | made by pressing both of your lips together , it's | |
03:29 | a buy labial sound tough is made by pressing the | |
03:32 | front part of the tongue against the hard ridge just | |
03:34 | behind your teeth , known as your al ville . | |
03:36 | Um So it's an al valor sound . Some people | |
03:39 | also call the Al villain the pizza ridge because that's | |
03:42 | where you burn your mouth when you take a nice | |
03:43 | big bite of a hot slice . And cook is | |
03:46 | made by pressing the back of the tongue against the | |
03:47 | soft part of the roof of your mouth known as | |
03:50 | your bill . Um So it's a fuller sound . | |
03:51 | We can put these sounds on a diagram of a | |
03:53 | mouth to show these different places of articulation . The | |
03:56 | square brackets here indicate that their phonetic sounds not english | |
04:00 | letters . Let's look at two more soundly recognize food | |
04:03 | and so unlike our stops , these involved the air | |
04:07 | continuously flowing out of and causing friction in the mouth | |
04:10 | . So this type of sound is a frickin tiv | |
04:13 | is made using the bottom lip and top teeth . | |
04:16 | That makes for a Libya dental sound . Sir is | |
04:19 | pronounced at the valvular ridge just like to , this | |
04:23 | means sarah and to have the same place of articulation | |
04:27 | . But they are different in their manner of articulation | |
04:29 | because to explosive and sarah is fricka tiv has a | |
04:34 | corresponding for negative to uh it's not most varieties of | |
04:38 | english but it's the sound in the Scottish loch or | |
04:41 | the spanish jalapeno . Now try this with me , | |
04:44 | put your hand on your neck and make the sound | |
04:46 | sick and then turn it into a zip . Your | |
04:52 | lips and tongues stay in the same position . You're | |
04:54 | not changing the place or manner of articulation but something | |
04:58 | does happen in your throat . Your vocal cords aren't | |
05:02 | vibrating while for they are seriously try it . The | |
05:06 | buzzing of your vocal cords is also known as voicing | |
05:10 | . Sir is a voiceless sound and zah is a | |
05:13 | voiced sound . Each of these sounds we've discussed so | |
05:15 | far has a near identical voiced twin . Like for | |
05:20 | denver . Uh huh and ba . Or to uh | |
05:24 | . And even the veal appreciative has one . It's | |
05:28 | found in many languages including Arabic basque and navajo and | |
05:32 | is written with this curly Y symbol based on the | |
05:34 | greek letter gamma to continue our tour of the vocal | |
05:37 | tract . Another manner of articulation is nasal sounds . | |
05:41 | We make them by closing the mouth but opening the | |
05:43 | nasal passage using the vellum . In english we have | |
05:46 | MMA which goes with our by labels per and burr | |
05:49 | and we have no two which goes with our al | |
05:52 | Villars to end . Uh We also have the nasal | |
05:55 | sound at the end of sing and in the middle | |
05:57 | of hunger which goes with our Villars cook . And | |
06:00 | we normally write this sound with an energy . But | |
06:04 | that's not useful for phonetics because some N . G | |
06:07 | . Words like hanger don't have the sounding needs its | |
06:11 | own symbol . So we use this little end with | |
06:13 | a tail stolen from a G . Called an enigma | |
06:16 | . In fact the word enigma has a villa nasal | |
06:19 | in it . How convenient Our mouth diagram is beginning | |
06:22 | to look a little cluttered . We have our places | |
06:24 | of articulation which move from left to right as we | |
06:26 | move further back into the vocal tract . We can | |
06:29 | treat these like columns in a table . Now we | |
06:31 | can make different manners of articulation into rose . Great | |
06:35 | . This chart is such an improvement . We know | |
06:37 | it's based on the mouth but it's a lot easier | |
06:39 | to read because it's hard to make a chart in | |
06:41 | three dimensions will represent voicing by placing the symbols and | |
06:44 | pairs inside the boxes , where the first symbol is | |
06:47 | always voiceless and where there's only one symbol by itself | |
06:51 | . It's always voice . We could keep going by | |
06:53 | paying attention to what the mouth is doing as we | |
06:55 | pronounce different sounds in english and other languages until we | |
06:58 | have a comprehensive table of possible speech sounds . For | |
07:01 | example , there are a ton of other manners of | |
07:03 | articulation . We could add approximates like our trills like | |
07:07 | the R in spanish pero and taps or flaps like | |
07:10 | the tea and butter . There are also lateral for | |
07:13 | caves , like the welsh pronunciation of the name Crew | |
07:15 | Ellen and lateral approximates like the english pronunciation of Llewellyn | |
07:20 | . There are also more sounds that we haven't gotten | |
07:22 | to , especially in other places of the vocal tract | |
07:24 | , which get constricted in various manners . But let's | |
07:27 | take a step back from the examples . For now | |
07:29 | , it turns out this table we've been building is | |
07:31 | a chart of the international phonetic alphabet , also known | |
07:35 | as the I . P . A . The I | |
07:37 | . P . A . Is a finite set of | |
07:38 | symbols used by linguists to represent all of the sounds | |
07:41 | that are relevant for a spoken language . Let's head | |
07:44 | to the thought bubble to find out more about the | |
07:45 | I . P . A . The international phonetic alphabet | |
07:48 | was created in the late 18 hundreds by a group | |
07:51 | of linguists who are tired of putting a pronunciation key | |
07:53 | at the beginning of every document . If we could | |
07:55 | just make one system where each sound had exactly one | |
07:59 | symbol they thought , then people could learn it just | |
08:01 | once . Then we'd be able to write about all | |
08:03 | the sounds relevant to spoken languages without any confusion . | |
08:06 | Unlike attempts to write down all the words in the | |
08:09 | world which end up going on forever . Since we | |
08:11 | keep inventing new ones , this project actually succeeded . | |
08:14 | There are only a finite number of ways that we | |
08:16 | can configure our mouths and throats to make sounds And | |
08:19 | only some of those are used in languages . The | |
08:21 | phone petitions who started the EPA were mostly from England | |
08:24 | and France . So they created symbols using Latin and | |
08:27 | Greek alphabets , which they were familiar with . And | |
08:29 | it comes before the days before computers . So many | |
08:31 | of the symbols are rotated versions of existing ladders . | |
08:34 | That way , they wouldn't need to go for a | |
08:35 | whole new set of letter forms or create a new | |
08:37 | kind of typewriter just to explain how to pronounce Gavin | |
08:40 | guy or something . Occasionally , a new symbol gets | |
08:42 | added , such as the voice labial dental flap in | |
08:45 | 2005 . But for the most part we've figured it | |
08:48 | out . Thanks . Thought bubble . The I . | |
08:50 | P . A chart is a bit like the periodic | |
08:51 | table and that its structure tells us a lot about | |
08:54 | the properties of each sound . This means that even | |
08:56 | if you don't know a symbol immediately , you can | |
08:58 | figure out what it sounds like based on its row | |
09:00 | and column or you can look up a clickable I | |
09:03 | . P . A . Chart where you can click | |
09:04 | on each symbol and hear it pronounced . I've tried | |
09:06 | it . It's pretty fun . The empty white boxes | |
09:08 | or sounds that could exist but haven't been found in | |
09:11 | any known language yet . While the shaded gray boxes | |
09:14 | are sounds that we just don't think the human body | |
09:16 | is capable of making . There are also two categories | |
09:19 | of other constants that don't fit in the constant table | |
09:21 | . The way it's commonly structured . The first are | |
09:24 | sounds were the articulator is touched in two places called | |
09:27 | co articulated consonants . They don't easily fit into any | |
09:31 | one column in the table , for example , would | |
09:33 | not only involves the lips coming together but also a | |
09:36 | constriction at the vellum towards the back of your mouth | |
09:39 | . The second are consonants that aren't made with air | |
09:41 | flowing out of the lung or pulmonary airflow , so | |
09:44 | they're known as non harmonic consonants . This category includes | |
09:47 | sounds where the air is sucked into the vocal tract | |
09:49 | or implosive consonants and sounds with a Gladys is sealed | |
09:53 | up and air is forced out of the upper part | |
09:55 | of the vocal tract , known as effective as the | |
09:58 | final group of non harmonic consonants are clicks , you | |
10:01 | make a dental click sound when you make a disapproving | |
10:03 | . Some languages like zulu and Xhosa and the Khoisan | |
10:06 | languages include click sounds and the standard set of consonants | |
10:09 | used to make words . And that's how linguists represent | |
10:12 | all the continents who the international phonetic alphabet was crucial | |
10:17 | before it was easy to make and share recordings of | |
10:18 | language . It's for this reason that opera singers , | |
10:21 | speech pathologists and accent coaches all find it useful to | |
10:24 | work with the I . P . A . Now | |
10:25 | that recording digital sound is everywhere . The I . | |
10:28 | P . A . Helps us teach computers how to | |
10:30 | recognize and copy human speech . The I . P | |
10:32 | . A . Is also great for helping you understand | |
10:34 | new speech sounds you encounter when you start learning a | |
10:36 | new language . Unlike reading something in standardized english spelling | |
10:40 | , reading something in I . P . A . | |
10:41 | Is an intimate experience . You're reading it back in | |
10:44 | exactly the accent of a specific person . But so | |
10:47 | far we've actually only talked about half the I . | |
10:49 | P . A . The continent have . In the | |
10:51 | next video . We'll look at fouls . Thanks for | |
10:53 | watching this episode of crash course linguistics which is produced | |
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