Phonetics 1 - Consonants: Crash Course Linguistics #8 - Free Educational videos for Students in K-12 | Lumos Learning

Phonetics 1 - Consonants: Crash Course Linguistics #8 - Free Educational videos for Students in k-12


Phonetics 1 - Consonants: Crash Course Linguistics #8 - By CrashCourse



Transcript
00:0-1 Hi , I'm taylor and welcome to crash course linguistics
00:02 . Spelling can be a mess . Take the letters
00:04 O U G H . They're pronounced differently in tough
00:08 cough though through bow and brought the letters don't always
00:13 match the sounds they represent . What's more people can
00:15 pronounce the same words in different ways . There's a
00:18 difference between I am going to get you and I'm
00:23 gonna get you . If we want to talk about
00:25 the different ways people can pronounce the same spellings or
00:28 which sounds exist in different languages . It's useful to
00:31 have a more precise understanding of how language sounds work
00:34 . The study of speech sounds is called phonetics and
00:37 the writing system that linguists used to write pronunciation very
00:40 precisely . It's called the international phonetic alphabet . Yeah
00:54 . Speech sounds don't include coughing , sneezing or belching
00:58 there . The sounds that spoken languages combined with each
01:01 other to make words . Well , there are a
01:02 finite number of speech sounds . We can use them
01:05 to make an infinite number of words to understand speech
01:08 sounds . We first need to understand how the human
01:10 body produces them . We start with the lungs ,
01:12 which push air up through the vocal folds . Also
01:15 known as the vocal cords . Your vocal folds are
01:17 thin membranes that sit across your throat and vibrate to
01:20 make sound . This path which moves from lungs to
01:23 lips , is known as the vocal tract . We
01:25 can change the shape of any part of the vocal
01:27 track to make or articulate different sounds like a wind
01:30 instrument . When air goes through it , it makes
01:33 a sound . You're like a squishy wet meat clarinet
01:36 that can articulate sounds . I'm sure that's an image
01:39 you'll never forget . For spoken language is the tongue
01:42 , mouth and the rest of the vocal tract are
01:44 the articulator . The parts of the body that moved
01:46 to make language for signed languages , the articulator of
01:50 the hands , face , and other visible parts of
01:52 the body . There are five major features of signed
01:55 language articulation hand shape , such as the difference between
01:58 the sl sign for red and sweet palm orientation ,
02:01 such as the difference between balance with the palm's down
02:04 and maybe with the palms up movement , such as
02:07 moving in a circle for always or a line for
02:10 scold location like mother at the chin or father at
02:14 the forehead and expression also called non manual signs ,
02:17 like furrowed eyebrows to make something a yes or no
02:20 question . There are some conventions for writing sign language
02:22 is down , but there is less consensus about how
02:25 to write them than with spoken languages describing all these
02:29 systems in detail would be a whole . Nother video
02:31 spoken language linguists also describe sounds in relation to how
02:35 they're made with the articulate . Urz consonants are speech
02:38 sounds made by closing the vocal tract in some way
02:40 while vowels are made by making it a different shape
02:43 . But leaving it open , we'll look more closely
02:45 at fouls in the next episode to dive into how
02:48 linguists right spoken languages down , let's start with some
02:51 consonant sounds , you know , which happened to be
02:53 some of the most common sounds and languages across the
02:55 world Pull two and Cook . Try making these yourself
03:00 and pay attention to what your mouth is doing per
03:04 to cook these sounds all require you to close off
03:07 part of the vocal track to make air stop before
03:10 you let it explode out , which is why they're
03:12 known as stops or PLO sieves . These three sounds
03:15 are made it three different spots in the vocal tract
03:17 , which linguists call places of articulation . We often
03:21 name these places according to the parts of the vocal
03:24 track used to make the sound so since puff is
03:26 made by pressing both of your lips together , it's
03:29 a buy labial sound tough is made by pressing the
03:32 front part of the tongue against the hard ridge just
03:34 behind your teeth , known as your al ville .
03:36 Um So it's an al valor sound . Some people
03:39 also call the Al villain the pizza ridge because that's
03:42 where you burn your mouth when you take a nice
03:43 big bite of a hot slice . And cook is
03:46 made by pressing the back of the tongue against the
03:47 soft part of the roof of your mouth known as
03:50 your bill . Um So it's a fuller sound .
03:51 We can put these sounds on a diagram of a
03:53 mouth to show these different places of articulation . The
03:56 square brackets here indicate that their phonetic sounds not english
04:00 letters . Let's look at two more soundly recognize food
04:03 and so unlike our stops , these involved the air
04:07 continuously flowing out of and causing friction in the mouth
04:10 . So this type of sound is a frickin tiv
04:13 is made using the bottom lip and top teeth .
04:16 That makes for a Libya dental sound . Sir is
04:19 pronounced at the valvular ridge just like to , this
04:23 means sarah and to have the same place of articulation
04:27 . But they are different in their manner of articulation
04:29 because to explosive and sarah is fricka tiv has a
04:34 corresponding for negative to uh it's not most varieties of
04:38 english but it's the sound in the Scottish loch or
04:41 the spanish jalapeno . Now try this with me ,
04:44 put your hand on your neck and make the sound
04:46 sick and then turn it into a zip . Your
04:52 lips and tongues stay in the same position . You're
04:54 not changing the place or manner of articulation but something
04:58 does happen in your throat . Your vocal cords aren't
05:02 vibrating while for they are seriously try it . The
05:06 buzzing of your vocal cords is also known as voicing
05:10 . Sir is a voiceless sound and zah is a
05:13 voiced sound . Each of these sounds we've discussed so
05:15 far has a near identical voiced twin . Like for
05:20 denver . Uh huh and ba . Or to uh
05:24 . And even the veal appreciative has one . It's
05:28 found in many languages including Arabic basque and navajo and
05:32 is written with this curly Y symbol based on the
05:34 greek letter gamma to continue our tour of the vocal
05:37 tract . Another manner of articulation is nasal sounds .
05:41 We make them by closing the mouth but opening the
05:43 nasal passage using the vellum . In english we have
05:46 MMA which goes with our by labels per and burr
05:49 and we have no two which goes with our al
05:52 Villars to end . Uh We also have the nasal
05:55 sound at the end of sing and in the middle
05:57 of hunger which goes with our Villars cook . And
06:00 we normally write this sound with an energy . But
06:04 that's not useful for phonetics because some N . G
06:07 . Words like hanger don't have the sounding needs its
06:11 own symbol . So we use this little end with
06:13 a tail stolen from a G . Called an enigma
06:16 . In fact the word enigma has a villa nasal
06:19 in it . How convenient Our mouth diagram is beginning
06:22 to look a little cluttered . We have our places
06:24 of articulation which move from left to right as we
06:26 move further back into the vocal tract . We can
06:29 treat these like columns in a table . Now we
06:31 can make different manners of articulation into rose . Great
06:35 . This chart is such an improvement . We know
06:37 it's based on the mouth but it's a lot easier
06:39 to read because it's hard to make a chart in
06:41 three dimensions will represent voicing by placing the symbols and
06:44 pairs inside the boxes , where the first symbol is
06:47 always voiceless and where there's only one symbol by itself
06:51 . It's always voice . We could keep going by
06:53 paying attention to what the mouth is doing as we
06:55 pronounce different sounds in english and other languages until we
06:58 have a comprehensive table of possible speech sounds . For
07:01 example , there are a ton of other manners of
07:03 articulation . We could add approximates like our trills like
07:07 the R in spanish pero and taps or flaps like
07:10 the tea and butter . There are also lateral for
07:13 caves , like the welsh pronunciation of the name Crew
07:15 Ellen and lateral approximates like the english pronunciation of Llewellyn
07:20 . There are also more sounds that we haven't gotten
07:22 to , especially in other places of the vocal tract
07:24 , which get constricted in various manners . But let's
07:27 take a step back from the examples . For now
07:29 , it turns out this table we've been building is
07:31 a chart of the international phonetic alphabet , also known
07:35 as the I . P . A . The I
07:37 . P . A . Is a finite set of
07:38 symbols used by linguists to represent all of the sounds
07:41 that are relevant for a spoken language . Let's head
07:44 to the thought bubble to find out more about the
07:45 I . P . A . The international phonetic alphabet
07:48 was created in the late 18 hundreds by a group
07:51 of linguists who are tired of putting a pronunciation key
07:53 at the beginning of every document . If we could
07:55 just make one system where each sound had exactly one
07:59 symbol they thought , then people could learn it just
08:01 once . Then we'd be able to write about all
08:03 the sounds relevant to spoken languages without any confusion .
08:06 Unlike attempts to write down all the words in the
08:09 world which end up going on forever . Since we
08:11 keep inventing new ones , this project actually succeeded .
08:14 There are only a finite number of ways that we
08:16 can configure our mouths and throats to make sounds And
08:19 only some of those are used in languages . The
08:21 phone petitions who started the EPA were mostly from England
08:24 and France . So they created symbols using Latin and
08:27 Greek alphabets , which they were familiar with . And
08:29 it comes before the days before computers . So many
08:31 of the symbols are rotated versions of existing ladders .
08:34 That way , they wouldn't need to go for a
08:35 whole new set of letter forms or create a new
08:37 kind of typewriter just to explain how to pronounce Gavin
08:40 guy or something . Occasionally , a new symbol gets
08:42 added , such as the voice labial dental flap in
08:45 2005 . But for the most part we've figured it
08:48 out . Thanks . Thought bubble . The I .
08:50 P . A chart is a bit like the periodic
08:51 table and that its structure tells us a lot about
08:54 the properties of each sound . This means that even
08:56 if you don't know a symbol immediately , you can
08:58 figure out what it sounds like based on its row
09:00 and column or you can look up a clickable I
09:03 . P . A . Chart where you can click
09:04 on each symbol and hear it pronounced . I've tried
09:06 it . It's pretty fun . The empty white boxes
09:08 or sounds that could exist but haven't been found in
09:11 any known language yet . While the shaded gray boxes
09:14 are sounds that we just don't think the human body
09:16 is capable of making . There are also two categories
09:19 of other constants that don't fit in the constant table
09:21 . The way it's commonly structured . The first are
09:24 sounds were the articulator is touched in two places called
09:27 co articulated consonants . They don't easily fit into any
09:31 one column in the table , for example , would
09:33 not only involves the lips coming together but also a
09:36 constriction at the vellum towards the back of your mouth
09:39 . The second are consonants that aren't made with air
09:41 flowing out of the lung or pulmonary airflow , so
09:44 they're known as non harmonic consonants . This category includes
09:47 sounds where the air is sucked into the vocal tract
09:49 or implosive consonants and sounds with a Gladys is sealed
09:53 up and air is forced out of the upper part
09:55 of the vocal tract , known as effective as the
09:58 final group of non harmonic consonants are clicks , you
10:01 make a dental click sound when you make a disapproving
10:03 . Some languages like zulu and Xhosa and the Khoisan
10:06 languages include click sounds and the standard set of consonants
10:09 used to make words . And that's how linguists represent
10:12 all the continents who the international phonetic alphabet was crucial
10:17 before it was easy to make and share recordings of
10:18 language . It's for this reason that opera singers ,
10:21 speech pathologists and accent coaches all find it useful to
10:24 work with the I . P . A . Now
10:25 that recording digital sound is everywhere . The I .
10:28 P . A . Helps us teach computers how to
10:30 recognize and copy human speech . The I . P
10:32 . A . Is also great for helping you understand
10:34 new speech sounds you encounter when you start learning a
10:36 new language . Unlike reading something in standardized english spelling
10:40 , reading something in I . P . A .
10:41 Is an intimate experience . You're reading it back in
10:44 exactly the accent of a specific person . But so
10:47 far we've actually only talked about half the I .
10:49 P . A . The continent have . In the
10:51 next video . We'll look at fouls . Thanks for
10:53 watching this episode of crash course linguistics which is produced
10:56 by complexity and PBS . Are you craving more humanities
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