Phonetics 2 - Vowels: Crash Course Linguistics #9 - Free Educational videos for Students in K-12

Phonetics 2 - Vowels: Crash Course Linguistics #9 - By CrashCourse

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00:0-1	Hi , I'm taylor and welcome to crash course linguistics
00:02	. In the last video we learned about the international
00:04	phonetic alphabet and how we can represent every sound in
00:08	human speech with exactly one symbol . We also learned
00:10	about continents like uh so and know which are sounds
00:14	that involve closing the vocal tract in some way .
00:17	These sounds can be arranged into a chart based on
00:19	whether they're voiced or voiceless in the manner and place
00:22	of articulation . But there aren't any spoken language .
00:25	Is that only have constants in this episode . We'll
00:28	continue with phonetics looking at vowels and how they're represented
00:31	in the I . P . A . Yeah .
00:37	Mhm . Yeah . Yeah . We can think of
00:44	vowels as the sounds that we can sing with our
00:46	mouths open . Uh E . We can sing them
00:51	this way because in phonetic terms vowels are made without
00:55	closing the vocal tract just by subtly changing the shape
00:58	of the tongue so that the air comes out differently
01:00	. Instead . English has five vowel letters in the
01:03	alphabet . Maybe six If we can't why ? But
01:05	we have way more vowels sounds than that . Different
01:08	varieties of English have between 12 and 21 vowel sounds
01:12	. And if someone is speaking with a different accent
01:14	than yours , you've probably heard it in the way
01:16	they pronounce their vowels . Some varieties of English pronounced
01:19	these two words the same and some pronounced them differently
01:23	. We can hear 14 vowel sounds shared by most
01:25	varieties of English . In this old tiny sentence .
01:28	Who would know , aught of art must learn act
01:31	and then take his ease . But five or six
01:34	vowel letters and way more than five vowels sounds no
01:38	matter what your accent that spells trouble . That's where
01:41	the international phonetic alphabet comes in . So we can
01:44	write all the vowels in any spoken language clearly and
01:48	unambiguously . We can start by figuring out what vowel
01:51	sounds we need to represent . To do this ,
01:53	we'll look at which parts of the mouth are involved
01:55	in making bowels . In other words , we'll map
01:58	out the vowel space . Let's make the sound E
02:01	. Go ahead . Make it with me because it's
02:03	going to be a lot easier for you to feel
02:05	it inside your mouth than to see it inside mine
02:08	. So let's start with E and gradually move all
02:10	the way down to uh Yeah , we can slowly
02:15	move from one vowel sound to another and there are
02:17	no fixed lines between them . This is very different
02:20	from what we saw for continents , with their distinct
02:23	categories based on whether the lips touch each other or
02:25	the tongue touches a point on the roof of the
02:27	mouth and so on . Fouls aren't categorical like this
02:30	. The gradual movement between them means that differences are
02:33	gradient . So we need a different approach to describing
02:36	valves . Take the sounds E . And uh .
02:39	The difference between them is how open your mouth is
02:41	and how close to your tongue is to the roof
02:43	of your mouth . For the E . The tongue
02:45	is very high close to the roof of the mouth
02:47	and the jaw is more closed , while for ah
02:50	the jaws open and the tongue is low in the
02:52	I . P . A . We write E with
02:54	this symbol and uh with this one because of where
02:57	your tongue is when making them E . Is a
03:00	high vowel . And uh is a low vowel linguists
03:02	also sometimes called E . A close vowel and at
03:05	an open vowel based on whether your jaw is more
03:08	open or more clothes . High , close and low
03:11	open . Mean the same thing . Let's try moving
03:13	from at to something like a full open mouth .
03:16	Doctor checking your tonsils , uh your tongue stays low
03:21	but it moves further back in your mouth . E
03:24	. And uh our front vowels and awe is a
03:27	back vowel . We now have two features how high
03:30	your tongue is and how far back your tongue is
03:32	. We still don't have anything that's high and back
03:35	. The sound . Who fits this description . Let's
03:38	go from awe to oh something else happened on the
03:44	way from A . To . And this one you
03:47	can see on my face my lips became rounded as
03:50	my tongue moved backward to make an we can also
03:52	notice this by going from new to E . It's
03:55	common in many of the world's languages , including english
03:58	for the sounds of the front of the mouth like
04:00	E . To be ungrounded and sound at the back
04:03	of the mouth like ooh to be rounded . But
04:06	that's not always the case . The sound is in
04:09	the front of the mouth like E . But rounded
04:11	. Like . Do you can move between E and
04:14	by keeping your tongue and jaw still and just rounding
04:17	and then rounding your lips E . This sound is
04:22	found in the french word too as well as in
04:25	german , Turkish and mandarin . There's also an ungrounded
04:28	partner of our high backgrounded . Do A . This
04:32	foul is found in Vietnamese , Tamil and an extremely
04:35	California and pronunciation of Dude . We now have three
04:38	features how high or low the tongue is , whether
04:41	the tongue is back or front and whether the lips
04:44	are round it . We can use these three features
04:46	to fill in more vowels in the vowel space .
04:48	For example , A is pronounced with the tongue midway
04:51	between E and A . So that makes it mid
04:55	front and ungrounded instead of high or low and O
04:58	. Is pronounced midway between you and ah with the
05:02	lips rounded , so it's a mid back rounded vowel
05:05	. If we go right into the center of the
05:06	vowel space , the valve that's neither high nor low
05:09	, neither front nor back . We get the sound
05:12	. Uh linguists are especially interested in the sound .
05:14	So it has a special name , it's called joie
05:17	and it's the most common values and to pronounce in
05:20	english , it shows up in the unstructured parts of
05:22	words like about potato and petition . So far ,
05:26	we've been talking about sounds like E . Or do
05:28	where your tongue stays in the same position the whole
05:30	time . But now let's try a sound like oy
05:34	, let's make it really slowly . Oy . Your
05:37	tongue starts in the position for the vowel O and
05:40	ends in the position for the vowel E . So
05:43	that's how we write it by combining two vowel symbols
05:45	in a row . Two vowels said together like Oy
05:48	is known as a diff don . The full I
05:50	. Ph art doesn't typically list of things because you
05:53	can make them out of any two vowels . Other
05:55	common diff things in english include I . And how
05:59	both of these start with the ah sound . But
06:01	one goes forward towards E . I , and the
06:04	other goes backwards towards you . But again , in
06:08	principle we could go from any vowel to any other
06:11	vowel . You can pause this video and try some
06:13	other diff things yourself anyway , like our map of
06:15	consonants last episode , a map of the vowel space
06:18	is getting a bit cluttered . Instead of writing these
06:21	on a picture of the mouth , we can make
06:22	a drawing that represents the vowel space . Since our
06:25	job moves like a hinge , we have more space
06:27	at the front and top of the vowel space than
06:29	at the back and bottom . So we represented by
06:32	drawing the vowel space as a trapezoid . This is
06:35	the vowel space . We can describe all possible vowels
06:38	by focusing on the features of closed nous , front
06:41	nous and rounding . Since it's hard to draw a
06:43	diagram in three dimensions we represent rounding by listing the
06:46	symbols in pairs where the ungrounded one is always first
06:49	. Languages vary a lot in how many vowels they
06:52	have . Let's turn the thought bubble into a vowel
06:55	space and step in to look at the differences in
06:57	val inventories across languages . English has a large number
07:00	of vowels like we said before . The number and
07:03	type varies a lot between varieties of english . Most
07:06	varieties have at least 16 distinct vowel sounds , but
07:09	some like Australian english can have around 20 . No
07:12	wonder we need so many symbols in the ipod .
07:14	Because vowels exist in an open space , it gives
07:17	them more freedom to move around than constants have ,
07:20	which is why vowels often stand out in different accents
07:23	. A vowel inventory is the number of distinct vowel
07:26	sounds in a particular language . Other languages with large
07:29	bowel inventories include other Germanic languages , languages across Southeast
07:33	Asia and languages from several families across the equatorial zone
07:37	of africa like *** , congo , Nile , oh
07:40	, Saharan and afro Asiatic . Many languages have inventories
07:44	with around five or six vowels . This appears to
07:46	be the middle ground for vowel systems . One example
07:49	is spanish , which has the vowels E , A
07:52	, O . And uh because this five vowel system
07:56	is so common . The I . P . A
07:58	. Uses the basic latin vowel symbols for these sounds
08:00	and reserves the fancier symbols for rarer sounds . At
08:03	the other end of the spectrum , there are many
08:05	languages that get along fine with a much smaller bowel
08:08	inventory . This includes Arabic , the majority of Australian
08:11	languages and languages of the caucuses . Languages with smaller
08:15	bowel sets tend to have much more complex continent inventories
08:19	so things balance out . Thank you . Thought bubble
08:23	. Different languages can have vows sit in any part
08:25	of the valve space . Therefore the symbols on the
08:28	I . P . A . Chart are like anchor
08:30	points that indicate common distinctions in these features , and
08:33	more precise distinctions can be indicated by adding dia critics
08:36	like these . We're going to look briefly at three
08:38	of these distinctions length , nationalisation and tone . First
08:42	, his length , which is the amount of time
08:44	of owls produced for like the difference between E and
08:47	E . To indicate length . The type A adds
08:50	a dia critic that looks almost like a colon but
08:53	with tiny triangles instead of dots . Some languages that
08:55	use vowel length to distinguish between words are Arabic ,
08:59	japanese and finish , you might be able to perceive
09:01	a length distinction without realizing it . Think about the
09:04	spanish or italian for yes C . And the english
09:08	verb to see . They use the same vowel ,
09:10	but in english it's much longer . Second is nasal
09:13	ization . We make the vowel sounds we've been talking
09:15	about so far by moving air through our mouth .
09:18	We can also make sounds by letting air flow through
09:20	the nose . We make nasal consonants like ma and
09:23	no by completely blocking the air in the mouth and
09:26	having it come out the nose . But we can
09:28	also make nasal vowels with both the mouth and the
09:31	nose open . This is known as nationalization and it
09:34	has a Dia critic to nationalization is a feature of
09:37	french bow meaning beautiful and boom meaning good differ in
09:41	that bomb has a nasal ist foul . In english
09:44	, you might have encountered nationalization in a very relaxed
09:47	pronunciation of , I don't know or uh finally we
09:51	turn to town in many languages , changing the pitch
09:54	of the voice to make different tones on bowels can
09:57	create completely different words in mandarin , the word ma
10:00	is mother , while Ma means horse languages can have
10:04	tone systems with anywhere from 2 to 9 tones .
10:06	Like some camps , we languages of southern china tone
10:10	systems are common across Asia and africa , and different
10:12	languages do different things with the general category of tone
10:15	. Some tone systems will have a different tone for
10:17	each syllable for a word , while others will have
10:19	one tone per word in other languages , including english
10:23	, we change the pitch of our voice to change
10:25	the meaning of the whole sentence . For example ,
10:27	the pitch rises at the end of ascendance to indicate
10:30	that something is a question and there's still more to
10:32	say this is known as intonation instead of tone .
10:36	And with that that's the second part of the I
10:38	. P . A . Now we're no longer disembowel
10:41	. In these past two episodes , we've been focusing
10:43	on how people make sounds , which is the branch
10:45	of phonetics known as articulate Torrey phonetics . There's also
10:48	a branch that records these sounds and analyzes them known
10:52	as acoustic phonetics and one that studies how people process
10:55	the speech they here known as perceptual phonetics . So
10:59	far we've described the properties of sounds in isolation .
11:01	But when these sounds all run together in speech ,
11:04	they can start to affect each other . In the
11:06	next episode we'll look at technology and what happens to
11:09	sounds when we put them in context . Thanks for
11:11	watching this episode of crash course linguistics . If you
11:14	want to help keep all crash course free for everybody
11:17	forever . You can join our community on Patreon

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