Phonology: Crash Course Linguistics #10 - Free Educational videos for Students in K-12

Phonology: Crash Course Linguistics #10 - By CrashCourse

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00:0-1	Hi , I'm taylor and welcome to crash course linguistics
00:02	. Could you get me a glass of water ?
00:04	What if I asked you for washer ? Like some
00:06	people but certainly not me pronounce it for other people
00:11	that t in the middle of the word can become
00:13	our brains treat these different sounds as equivalent . It's
00:17	still liquid H 20 whether you pronounce it water ,
00:21	water or uh this isn't just true for tea .
00:25	All of the sounds or hand shapes of a language
00:27	can be produced differently depending on the context . Different
00:30	languages and accents have their own variation these patterns and
00:34	the study of them is known as phrenology . Yeah
00:39	. Yeah . Film when we first start to pay
00:48	attention to phrenology , it's like trying to see the
00:51	trick in an optical illusion . We need to learn
00:54	a different way of paying attention which can involve looking
00:57	closely at what our bodies are physically doing or using
01:00	external tools to measure it . It's like when you
01:02	cross your eyes or drag an optical illusion into a
01:05	photo editor to prove that to graze are really the
01:08	same color . But unlike optical illusions , terminology is
01:11	different for each of us , depending on which language
01:13	is we were exposed to at a young age as
01:15	babies were not attached to any one phonological system .
01:18	So baby that's been hearing only english for a few
01:21	months , can still hear all the subtle differences in
01:24	pronunciation that might matter in a different language context .
01:27	But we lose this ability as we get older and
01:29	start only paying attention to certain languages . So phonological
01:32	distinctions that may be obvious for some people might seem
01:35	minute or impossible to distinguish For others . We can
01:38	see how ingrained of phrenology is when people learn another
01:41	language because they'll use the sounds they already recognize .
01:44	An american english speaker like me learning hindi might use
01:48	to learning to say chutney instead of a retro flex
01:51	tough chutney . What I just said might still be
01:54	recognisable to a hindi speaker but it won't sound the
01:57	same before we get further along . In this discussion
01:59	, we need to talk about sound . Linguists use
02:02	the word sound to refer to two different concepts and
02:05	have come up with distinct terms for each of them
02:07	. On the one hand , linguists use the words
02:09	sound to refer to any difference that's relevant for any
02:12	language . For example , water and water means the
02:15	same thing in english . So the distinction between these
02:18	sounds isn't relevant for english , but for spanish speakers
02:21	there's an important difference between the same two sounds .
02:24	It creates new words like pato , which means I
02:27	stop and potato , which means duck . Linguists call
02:31	this non language specific distinction a phone and write these
02:34	symbols in square brackets . On the other hand ,
02:36	linguists also use sound to refer to any difference that's
02:40	relevant or meaningful for forming different words in only a
02:43	specific language in english . That would include the sounds
02:46	to kinda since there the difference between rabbit and rabbit
02:50	, but it wouldn't include the different ways you could
02:52	pronounce the T in the middle of water . Linguists
02:55	call this language specific distinction a phony and write these
02:58	symbols in slashes . Let's play this out with another
03:01	english example . Try putting your hand up in front
03:03	of your mouth as you say team or tall .
03:07	Now try saying steam and stall . You may not
03:10	be able to hear the difference but you can feel
03:13	it on your hand . There's an extra burst of
03:16	air when you say team , but not when you
03:18	say steam . That puff of air is called aspiration
03:21	. In the english , there's no meaningful difference between
03:24	the aspirated to as in team and the un aspirated
03:28	to as in steam . They both sound like t
03:30	to english speakers even though as you just felt they
03:33	aren't exactly the same in linguistic terms . We say
03:37	that these two phones are part of the same phoneme
03:39	. In english . Specifically we say that aspirated to
03:43	an un aspirated to our telephones of the same phoneme
03:46	in english , they're technically different . But english speakers
03:50	think of them as the same sound . But in
03:51	some languages there's a meaningful difference between these two sounds
03:55	. In nepali . Un aspirated tall means lake .
03:58	Well the aspirated tall means plate . You need to
04:01	be able to tell the difference so your lunch doesn't
04:03	get soggy because the distinction between tough and tough is
04:07	meaningful to nepali speakers . We say that these two
04:10	sounds are different phonemes in nepali . So in nepali
04:14	aspirated , tough and un aspirated to are both different
04:17	phones and different phonemes in english these same sounds are
04:22	different phones but they're not different phonemes now , despite
04:25	the Entomology of phone as a sound sign language is
04:28	also have their own chronologies with some hand shapes ,
04:31	movements , locations and orientations for signs that are relevant
04:35	in some signed languages and not in others . For
04:38	example an extended ring finger is a meaningful hand shape
04:42	in Taiwanese sign language but not in BSL or A
04:46	. S . L . Let's go into the thought
04:47	bubble to observe some phonemes in their natural environment .
04:50	To think about how to different sounds can be Allah
04:53	phones of the same phone . Um Let's compare them
04:55	to a rabbit , The snowshoe hare specifically it looks
04:58	like a regular cute brown rabbit most of the year
05:00	. And then in the winter it's brown for changes
05:03	to white even across different seasons . A snowshoe hare
05:06	is the same rabbit , it lives in the same
05:08	hole , it's still recognized by its baby rabbits and
05:11	it still munches on all the veggies that can find
05:13	. But sometimes it shows up as a brown rabbit
05:16	and sometimes it shows up as a white rabbit .
05:18	If we were wildlife observers , we'd want to pay
05:20	very close attention to when these versions appear before we
05:23	conclude that they're the same animal after all . In
05:26	other places , there are rabbits that are brown or
05:29	white all year round . So if we see both
05:31	a white and brown rabbit in summer and in winter
05:34	, we actually have two different rabbits . We can
05:37	write out our observation of the snowshoe hare in three
05:39	parts . The first is what we're starting with one
05:42	rabbit of no specified colors . The second is what
05:46	changes the rabbits for colored and the third is the
05:49	environment where that change happens whether it's winter . From
05:52	this , you have to rules . The first one
05:54	describes how the rabbit changes to white when it's winter
05:57	. And the second one describes how the rabbit changes
06:00	to brown when it's not winter . We can make
06:02	observations like this about sounds in a language to determine
06:05	whether we're dealing with the phoneme with two telephones like
06:08	a color changing rabbit or two different phonemes , like
06:11	two differently coloured rabbits . Thanks thought bubble . The
06:14	difference in meeting between un aspirated , tall and aspirated
06:17	tall in nepali is like seeing a brown and white
06:21	rabbit at the same time , we know that they
06:23	have to be distinct species or phonemes in english .
06:27	We know there isn't a difference in meaning between words
06:29	that have the aspirated to and the un aspirated to
06:33	. Also when looking at single syllable words , we
06:36	here , these two sounds in the same places each
06:38	time the un aspirated to always occurs after an S
06:42	. Or at the end of a word . While
06:44	the aspirated to always occurs at the beginning of a
06:47	word that's like seeing the white rabbit in the winter
06:49	and the brown rabbit in the summer . The different
06:51	versions of to appear in predictable environments . That's how
06:55	we prove these two sounds are telephones of one phony
06:58	. Based on these observations , we can write a
07:00	rule for english that says that to is pronounced without
07:03	an aspiration after an us and with an aspiration at
07:07	the beginning of a word . Linguists write them out
07:08	with this notation using an arrow from the underlying form
07:12	to to what's changed about it like aspiration and a
07:15	slash mark between the sound change and the environment ,
07:18	like being at the beginning of the word . By
07:19	the way this hash mark represents a word boundary .
07:22	You can think of it like a visible version of
07:24	the space between words . We can use the hash
07:27	mark to indicate whether a sound is at the beginning
07:29	or end of a word . The notation is a
07:31	short form that lets us keep track of the many
07:34	phonological rules in each language . It's like training our
07:37	brains to see the optical illusion to see pattern in
07:40	language like linguist isn't the only english consonant that follows
07:44	this rule . Other continents like po and ca also
07:48	have no aspiration after some linguists call this category of
07:51	consonants voiceless stops and can create a general rule ,
07:55	voiceless stops become aspirated at the beginning of a word
07:59	. We could keep going with more rules in english
08:01	and other languages like to an english water , but
08:05	let's zoom out and take a look at the big
08:07	picture . Instead , there are some common phonological processes
08:10	that we see happening across different languages . All languages
08:13	have phrenology is the processes and signed languages have not
08:16	yet been studied in as much detail . So sometimes
08:19	the categories for spoken language don't quite fit for signed
08:23	languages , phones that are produced one after the other
08:26	can sometimes become more similar , which makes it easier
08:29	to produce a word or phrase when speaking quickly .
08:31	Many english speakers will say handbag as handbag , changing
08:35	. Nd to M , shifts the sound to the
08:38	lips so it's now A by labial like B ,
08:41	which makes them easier to stay together . This phonological
08:44	process is known as assimilation , assimilation and signed languages
08:48	can affect the hand shape or sign location . The
08:51	Oslo and signed for name is typically made at the
08:55	head when it's used in the phrase my name .
08:59	It's often performed lower , perhaps near the cheek because
09:02	it's following the my sign at the chest phones can
09:05	also become more distinct when we produce them . The
09:08	english word venom used to be ven in but the
09:11	tuna sounds so close together . Didn't sit well with
09:14	medieval english speakers who changed the second one . Too
09:18	many english speakers do the same with cardamom or maybe
09:21	cartman . Today linguists call this phonological process . Dissimulation
09:26	phones can sometimes be added to break up a difficult
09:28	string of sounds or signs . You might hear people
09:31	adding a pub in hamster or notice the extra vowel
09:35	rihanna uses to break up umbrella into four syllables .
09:39	This phonological process is known as insertion or a pen
09:42	Thanasis . Can sometimes see a movement insertion between signs
09:46	when counting in Aslan . People often add a little
09:48	movement of the hand between each number . Mm phones
09:54	can also be removed . We've even made this part
09:57	of the english writing system with contractions like I've it's
10:01	and can't . Sometimes sounds are removed from the middle
10:04	of words to like the and family . This phonological
10:08	process is known as deletion or collision in Oslo and
10:11	the sign for girl includes a repetition of the movement
10:16	, but in conversation the repetition can be deleted and
10:19	finally phones can switch around . The old english word
10:23	for third was thrid , but english speakers switched the
10:26	I and our around although they didn't in three .
10:29	This process is also why we have acts as well
10:32	as ask . In fact at various points in history
10:35	, acts has been the more common pronunciation . This
10:38	phonological process is known as metamorphosis . In a sl
10:42	the sign for deaf shows metamorphosis . The standard form
10:47	is from ear to mouth , but it can also
10:49	be performed going from mouth to ear . These processes
10:53	either make it easier for us to produce words and
10:55	phrases or help our audience understand them over time ,
10:59	they're part of what drives change in a language .
11:02	It can be challenging to retrain your brain from the
11:04	phonological patterns it's used to , but phonological rules are
11:08	important . They help synthesised speech technology like series sound
11:11	more natural and help us be more sympathetic . Language
11:15	speakers and learners . An appreciation for finn ology is
11:18	useful whatever your environment . Thanks for watching this episode
11:22	of crash course linguistics which is produced by complexity and
11:25	PBS so 2020 has been bad . PBS has a
11:30	new show called Self evident that explores how we've been
11:32	persevering in this supremely weird year . It's hosted by
11:36	historian Daniel Bainbridge from Origin of everything , and therapist
11:39	OLLI Maatta , who you might know from the psych
11:42	show because who better than a historian and a therapist
11:45	to help guide us through all of this self evident
11:49	is part of PBS american portrait , a massive storytelling
11:52	project involving thousands of people around the country . Subscribe
11:56	to PBS voices for self evident and other great shows
12:00	and tell them crash chris sent you .

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