What is space and how do we study it? Crash Course Geography #3 - Free Educational videos for Students in K-12

What is space and how do we study it? Crash Course Geography #3 - By Math and Science

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00:0-1	watch our videos and review your learning with the crash
00:01	course apps , supplemental content is now available for these
00:04	courses . This is space and no , I don't
00:07	mean the part filled with stars and satellites . This
00:10	image of the world is letting us see part of
00:12	geographic space . The Earth is covered in features and
00:14	relationships that we can measure and study in a variety
00:17	of ways to better understand our environments . For example
00:19	, if I were to zoom into your community ,
00:21	I might measure the space by counting the buildings to
00:23	get a sense of how big it is , but
00:25	this is your community . So you know where the
00:27	places to catch up with the neighbor , like an
00:29	eclectic coffee shop or walking the sculpture park , I
00:32	only see the physical buildings while you understand the importance
00:34	of each building . We're looking at the space in
00:36	two different ways , but there are more ways to
00:38	discuss space and they each add a new layer of
00:40	understanding from measuring it to defining it to understanding the
00:44	relationship between places . Just as all historians study events
00:48	in time based on what's going on or what's normal
00:50	for a time period . All geographers study events in
00:53	space , no matter the topic , we end up
00:55	contextualizing places or human environment interactions based on the space
00:58	they exist in . I'm Elise a career and this
01:01	is crash course Geography . Mhm . In geography ,
01:11	we ask questions to understand what is where , why
01:14	it's there and how it's changing . So when we're
01:16	trying to interpret why glaciers melt or disease outbreaks happen
01:19	in certain places , we want to both measure space
01:21	to get the lay of the land . If you
01:23	will , and try to understand the significant space has
01:26	to what's happening . As geographers , we can think
01:28	about space in four broad categories that emphasize different aspects
01:31	and use a suite of tools and techniques to help
01:33	us with measuring and understanding our world . In its
01:36	simplest form , we can think of space as a
01:37	container , like a box or an extra large tupperware
01:40	container for delicious banana bread . We want to know
01:42	where stuff is basically what's inside or outside the container
01:46	. The Earth is like a stage and everything from
01:48	cool rock formations to political protests happen on that stage
01:51	. Studying space is a container helps us answer the
01:53	question . What is where ? By measuring and locating
01:56	physical features or borders or boundaries ? To do this
01:59	? Geographers and other people who work with distances and
02:01	points like surveyors use a coordinate reference system like overlaying
02:05	a square grid on the globe . Even our phones
02:07	can be used to tell us what is where When
02:09	we open google maps on our phones . The phone
02:11	connects to a global positioning system or GPS , which
02:14	pinpoints the location of an object on the ground using
02:16	radio from satellites . When a receiver on earth like
02:19	our phones receives a radio wave from three or more
02:22	satellites , the phone can translate those signals into a
02:24	precise location and know exactly where we are these days
02:27	. All the satellites launched by the U . S
02:29	. China Russia , the european union , India and
02:32	Japan are called the global navigation satellite system . While
02:35	it's great to know where things are . As geographers
02:37	, we want to go beyond that . Even our
02:39	phones tell us more than just where the sculpture park
02:41	is . Once . We know where things are in
02:43	space . We can understand how they're related or their
02:46	spatial relationships . In fact , humans are hardwired to
02:49	think about spatial relationships and how we're related to the
02:52	space container around us . To describe those spatial relationships
02:55	, we need to recognize topological space , which measures
02:57	and analyzes how the features in space are arranged and
03:00	connect to each other . This term comes from the
03:02	word topology , which refers to how the pieces of
03:04	something are related or arranged . We also see topological
03:07	space in action every time we ask our phones to
03:10	route us somewhere , we're really asking google maps to
03:12	look at how are beginning and ending locations are related
03:15	and find the most efficient connection based on what's physically
03:18	in the area . Spatial analysis is a blend of
03:20	geography and math that identifies and analyzes those patterns and
03:23	relationships in space using a range of techniques including imaging
03:26	technology , statistics and geometry , to see those spatial
03:30	patterns and understand how space changes over time . Sometimes
03:33	it helps to zoom out and stand back , remote
03:35	sensing or studying something without physically contacting . It is
03:39	an entire sub field of geography that lets us do
03:41	just that photo Graham interests and other remote sensing professionals
03:44	compile and analyze images from satellites , airplanes or drones
03:47	that have sensors that record energy reflected from the Earth's
03:50	surface . The reflected energy is sensed by device that
03:53	records the wavelength as a number and turns that number
03:55	into a pixel in an image remote sensing has been
03:58	particularly helpful in Antarctica , which is incredibly hard to
04:01	study in person covered in ice and snow . This
04:03	frigid continent has been one of the least mapped areas
04:06	on earth , and for good reason , Antarctica is
04:08	considered the coldest place on earth and the windiest conditions
04:12	are so extreme that hiking around and recording the terrain
04:15	in a ground based mapping effort is nearly impossible .
04:18	So in 1997 researchers collaborated with Nasa and the Canadian
04:21	Space Agency to use remote sensing satellites with radar capabilities
04:25	known as radar SAP to scan the surface of Antarctica
04:27	. They generated accurate images of the surface ice and
04:30	snow on Antarctica by measuring the echo of radio waves
04:32	sent from a radar satellite . With this data ,
04:34	we can start by defining the boundaries of features in
04:37	Antarctica , like the location of large cracks in the
04:39	ice called crevasses were defining the space or container that
04:43	is this polar continent , but definitions of any kind
04:45	are really just the initial building blocks in Antarctica .
04:48	We can use that information to analyze our relationship to
04:51	those features . Crevasse zones are dangerous to cross and
04:53	difficult to see from the ground , so knowing where
04:55	they're located can help create safe travel routes . This
04:58	can save time and lives when trying to navigate this
05:00	dangerous terrain . But our spatial relationships are more than
05:03	just routes . The radar data set is also used
05:05	to measure how quickly glaciers are moving , which gives
05:07	us insight into the physics of glaciers and lets us
05:09	better predict how glaciers change . We can build a
05:12	more complex understanding of a space when we ask not
05:14	just where is the corpus , but how is it
05:16	changing or where is that ice moving now , containers
05:19	and topology are informative , but they don't let us
05:22	talk about the more subjective things we know about a
05:24	space in geography . We can also talk about socially
05:26	constructed spaces or those spaces we create and give meaning
05:29	to as communities like that coffee shop or sculpture park
05:32	. In fact , the socially constructed space doesn't even
05:35	have to be physical . The way we develop and
05:37	define virtual spaces like the fan communities before men participate
05:41	in online is a whole sub field of geography ,
05:43	but let's stay in the physical realm in for example
05:46	, Harbin china , each january blocks of ice from
05:48	the Songhua River that flows through the city are carved
05:51	into sparkling sculptures as a part of the annual Harbin
05:54	International Ice and Snow sculpture festival . Originally ice lanterns
05:57	were mostly used at night on the river by fishermen
05:59	. They gradually became an art form and eventually a
06:02	major social and cultural event . Now the Wonder of
06:04	the Ice and Snow Festival is synonymous with carbon .
06:06	By studying socially constructed spaces , we learn how spaces
06:09	carved out and a place or location with meaning is
06:12	created and can become sites for social , political or
06:15	economic activity . Individuals , not just communities can also
06:18	create meaning in space . We study individually perceived space
06:21	to incorporate the idea of place and see how the
06:23	perception of a space can change person to person or
06:26	culture to culture . Like a teenage girl living in
06:28	Harbin might hold a mental map of her neighborhood that
06:31	includes points of interest to her like the curb ,
06:33	she almost twisted her ankle on while jogging . That's
06:36	her perception of that space . Just like we all
06:38	have our own perceptions of our individual spaces and we
06:41	can see how the perception of individuals or groups has
06:43	changed over time . Today . Harbin is the eighth
06:45	largest city in china , but its name was originally
06:48	a Manchu word , meaning a place for drying fishing
06:50	nets , which hints at how past inhabitants perceived and
06:53	used in the space . Any space can be studied
06:55	through any of these four lenses As a container ,
06:57	topological e socially or how we individually perceive it .
07:01	Let's go to the thought bubble . In January 2010
07:03	, a magnitude seven earthquake shook the nations of Haiti
07:06	and the Dominican Republic , creating massive damage and killing
07:09	hundreds of thousands of people . But things could still
07:11	get worse . Relief efforts in Haiti were delayed because
07:14	aid workers didn't know where to go or how to
07:16	get there . Clear maps of neighborhoods in remote regions
07:18	of the island before the quake just didn't exist .
07:20	So international aid workers had no sense of space and
07:23	no fast way of learning . But the locals did
07:25	know the area , what was there , how it
07:27	was organized and what it meant for their communities .
07:29	So that collective knowledge or perceived space was put to
07:32	work in two weeks , Haiti went from no map
07:35	to a complete map . In the first crowdsourced mapping
07:37	effort for humanitarian purposes , a team of mappers organized
07:40	people around the world to help digitize photos , which
07:43	means tracing images to create two D shapes and attaching
07:45	coordinates that can be plotted on a map . These
07:47	humanitarians input aerial and satellite images into a mapping platform
07:51	called open street map with open street map . Volunteers
07:54	can look at space as a container and use those
07:56	images to trace buildings , parks , roads and more
07:59	to create a basic digital map . That map can
08:01	then be used by anyone in the world with access
08:03	to open street map in Haiti , those maps meant
08:05	relief workers could see where buildings should be and could
08:08	use that to help identify where people might be trapped
08:10	. Now they could find efficient routes . Two points
08:12	they needed to get to and engage with the topology
08:15	or organization of the space . The global effort to
08:17	map Haiti was such a success because it brought together
08:20	those who had technology to digitize the building boundaries and
08:23	roads and those who knew the significance of those boundaries
08:25	and roads . With crowdsourcing the sense of space could
08:28	be complete . Thanks that bubble . Since 2010 communities
08:32	around the world have worked within open street map ,
08:34	digitizing their buildings , roads and other features . Local
08:37	citizens imbue the map with meaning like which of these
08:39	buildings are houses or where there are important community gathering
08:42	places , hospitals and businesses . Local groups and humanitarians
08:45	can then create the maps They need to achieve their
08:47	goals from identifying areas at risk for disease spread ,
08:50	to identifying safe areas for persecuted groups , to helping
08:53	locate people quickly after a natural disaster . Because anyone
08:56	can update the map as spatial features change . The
08:58	data is always fresh and ready to be used .
09:00	Basically anyone can be a geographer and create the maps
09:03	. Their community needs space in all its forms .
09:06	As an integral part of our lives . We navigate
09:08	space every day , rely on fresh geographic data to
09:11	get from place to place or give meaning to familiar
09:13	and unfamiliar spaces . Without much thought . As geographers
09:16	, we formalize that process . We take in spatial
09:19	data from satellites , photos , radar and personal observation
09:22	and create data that allow us to locate buildings right
09:25	around traffic or physical features efficiently and communicate the meeting
09:28	communities give their spaces , we focus on space explicitly
09:32	to better understand and explain the world around us .
09:35	Many maps and borders represent modern geopolitical divisions that have
09:38	often been decided without the consultation permission or recognition of
09:41	the land's original inhabitants . Many geographical place names also
09:45	don't reflect the indigenous or aboriginal peoples languages . So
09:48	we , at Crash course want to acknowledge these people's
09:50	traditional and ongoing relationship with that land and all the
09:53	physical and human geographical elements of it . We encourage
09:55	you to learn about the history of the place you
09:57	call home through resources like native lands dot C .
09:59	A . And by engaging with your local indigenous and
10:01	aboriginal nations through the websites and resources . They provide
10:05	thanks for watching this episode of Crash Course Geography ,
10:07	which was made with the help of all these nice
10:09	people . If you'd like to help keep Crash course
10:12	free for everyone forever , please consider joining our community
10:14	on Patreon .

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