Earth Science for Kids - Solar System, Weather, Fossils, Volcanoes & More - Rock 'N Learn - Free Educational videos for Students in K-12

Earth Science for Kids - Solar System, Weather, Fossils, Volcanoes & More - Rock 'N Learn - By Lumos Learning

Transcript


00:0-1	rock and learn . Yeah , yeah . Hey ,
00:20	Tara . Higher Marco . What's up ? My friend
00:24	? Kevin needs a little help studying for his earth
00:27	science test . Do you think you could pencil us
00:30	in for a session ? Well , I do know
00:33	a thing or two about earth science , and I
00:35	hear that you're a real wizard reviewing for science tests
00:39	. Thanks , Tara . Kevin is already waiting for
00:42	us at my super science station . Off we go
00:47	. Yeah . Mm hmm . Yeah , Yeah .
00:58	Marco . Tara . Boy , am I happy to
01:01	see you . I need to get ready for my
01:04	earth science test . Glad to help , kid .
01:07	Earth Sciences . Kind of my specialty . When you
01:10	study Earth science , you learn about astronomy , geology
01:15	, meteorology and more . Let's start by talking about
01:19	our solar system . Tell me what you know .
01:22	Well , the sun is in the middle of the
01:25	solar system and it provides us with light and heat
01:28	. Good . Good . You know anything else ?
01:32	There are eight planets that orbit the sun , but
01:35	I always have trouble remembering their order . I know
01:39	a fantastic way to remember the order of the planets
01:43	. Mhm . Hello ? Who's calling ? Professor ?
01:50	Who ? Who ? Oh , you're Kevin's mom .
01:55	His snack is ready . Okay . Okay . We'll
02:00	be right there . Great news . Kevin's mom would
02:04	like to serve as a little snack . Sounds good
02:07	to me . Mhm . So , Kevin , I
02:15	didn't know that your mother was a professor . Oh
02:17	, yes , she's very educated . Here you go
02:21	. Enjoy . Oh , my , What just happened
02:25	? My very educated mother just served us nachos .
02:29	That's it . That's the order of the planets .
02:32	I see what he's getting at . Take the first
02:36	letter of each word in the sentence . My very
02:41	educated mother just served us nachos . And then we'll
02:47	give you the first letter of the name of each
02:50	planet . My mercury . Very Venus . Educated Earth
03:00	. Mother Marles . Just Jupiter . Serb , Saturn
03:08	, US . Uranus , nachos . Neptune . My
03:14	very educated mother just served us nachos . Mercury ,
03:20	Venus , Earth , Mars , Jupiter , Saturn ,
03:24	Uranus , Neptune . Exactly . My very educated mother
03:31	just served us nachos . Mercury , Venus , Earth
03:36	, Mars , Jupiter , Saturn , Uranus , Neptune
03:40	. Hey , that's pretty cool . That makes it
03:42	easy to remember . The planet's great . Now back
03:46	to the solar system Learning center at my super science
03:50	station . But what about the Thank you . Oh
03:58	, mhm . Ah , the nachos . Tough going
04:04	, kid . But nachos aren't the only things in
04:07	life and the planets aren't the only things that orbit
04:10	the sun . Take a look at this . Wow
04:15	, that's pretty cool . Tara , what are all
04:18	these chunks of rock between Mars and Jupiter that is
04:22	known as the asteroid belt ? The objects in this
04:26	area range in size from dust particles all the way
04:30	up to series , which is 900 kilometers in diameter
04:35	. Theories is actually considered a dwarf planet because it
04:39	has a large enough mass to have a rounded shape
04:42	. But as you can see , it's not large
04:45	enough to have cleared its orbit around the sun .
04:47	By that , I mean , there are other objects
04:50	in the same orbit with series . All of those
04:54	other chunks of rock and metal are known as asteroids
04:58	. Is series the only dwarf planet ? Nah ,
05:02	we've got more . Every so often , a group
05:05	of professional astronomers from around the world meet to assign
05:09	names to objects in space . Three dwarf planets they've
05:13	named R series Pluto and Eris . Looks like there's
05:19	another asteroid belt further out that's called the Kuiper Belt
05:27	. Yeah , Whoa , What's that ? That's a
05:30	comet . Comets are collections of ice , dust and
05:34	small particles of rock . Most have long oval orbits
05:39	when they pass near the sun . There , ice
05:42	melts and evaporates . People on Earth see comets as
05:45	huge glowing balls with tails made of gas or dust
05:49	trailing millions of miles behind them . All of this
05:53	is pretty cool . But how does it fit into
05:55	earth ? Science ? Learning about the solar system is
06:00	important for Earth science , because what happens in space
06:03	affects things on Earth . For example , let's take
06:07	a closer look at how the earth and sun interacted
06:11	, see how the earth goes around or orbit the
06:16	sun . Yeah , Marco , I remember that from
06:19	science class . It takes a full year for one
06:22	revolution around the sun , and that's what causes our
06:25	seasons . Explain to me how the Earth's orbit causes
06:30	the seasons . Well , I know it has something
06:33	to do with the tilt of the Earth , but
06:35	I never really understood that part . Let me see
06:39	if I can help . When does the sun feel
06:42	warmest early in the morning or around noon ? Its
06:45	warmest around noon ? Correct . That's because the sun's
06:49	rays are more direct around noon in the morning ,
06:53	when it's cooler . The sun's rays are more indirect
06:57	, so the earth flips back and forth . Oh
07:00	, no , no , no , no , no
07:01	, no . The earth keeps pretty much the same
07:04	tilt . But watch as she moves around the sun
07:08	. See here the northern Hemisphere gets more direct sun
07:13	. So it is summer there . And since the
07:16	southern Hemisphere gets the indirect light , it's winter .
07:20	Now you've got the idea . If we keep moving
07:23	around until we get over here , then it's summer
07:28	in the Southern Hemisphere and winter in the Northern Hemisphere
07:32	. Wow . Actually , seeing it in action makes
07:34	it easier to understand . It didn't take a look
07:37	at this . See how the earth rotates on its
07:40	axis . It goes around once every 24 hours .
07:44	And that's what causes day and night . The parts
07:48	of earth facing the sun are in daylight . As
07:51	the earth rotates , the sun seems to set in
07:54	the West . Super . I think you've really got
07:58	a good idea about how things work in our solar
08:01	system . Yes . Take one of these , kiddo
08:05	. Terra . I don't think it's going to be
08:07	raining anytime soon . Inside the science station , I
08:12	wouldn't be so sure . He looks like a flash
08:17	flood . Mhm . We got here whether or not
08:34	you wanted to Oh brother . Here at the Water
08:38	Cycle and Weather Learning Center , we'll learn how the
08:42	water cycle affects weather on Earth . The sun provides
08:47	the energy that drives the whole water cycle . As
08:50	the sun heats water on earth , water evaporates into
08:54	the air . As the water vapor cools in the
08:57	atmosphere , it condenses into small water droplets that form
09:01	clouds . When the water drop , let's get too
09:05	heavy . They precipitate back to the ground . Then
09:09	the water accumulating aquifers , rivers , lakes and the
09:13	oceans . And the whole thing can start all over
09:17	again . Mm . Water turns to vapor by evaporation
09:27	. Clouds form slowly in the sky by the process
09:32	of condensation . When they drop , let's get too
09:37	heavy . Did they fall as precipitation , rain or
09:44	sleet or snow that melts . Then comes accumulation .
09:52	No evaporation condensation . Precipitation . I don't know .
10:05	Accumulation . Okay , I think I understand how the
10:11	water cycle works , But why does it rain and
10:14	snow places other than over the water ? Good question
10:18	. We get rain and snow and other precipitation in
10:22	all kinds of places because the sun heats the earth
10:26	unevenly . Land heats and cools faster than water ,
10:30	and we know that it's warmer near the equator than
10:33	the polls . All of this uneven heating keeps it
10:36	cold and warm air moving , and it makes changes
10:40	in air pressure . Here's how those air pressure changes
10:43	cause wind . Cold air weighs more than warm air
10:48	, so the pressure of cold air is greater .
10:51	When the sun warms the air , the air expands
10:56	, it gets lighter and rises cooler . Heavier air
11:02	moves to where the warmer and lighter air was .
11:06	In other words , wind usually blows from areas of
11:09	high air pressure . Two areas of low air pressure
11:12	. Now warm air can hold more water vapor than
11:16	cold air . So as the air gets colder ,
11:19	you get condensation and then precipitation . There you go
11:24	. But it is the temperature of the air that
11:27	determines the kind of precipitation . Rain happens when drops
11:32	of liquid water full on the surface of the earth
11:35	. Snow forms when the air is so cold that
11:39	water vapor tends directly into ice without ever passing through
11:43	a liquid state . If the air is cold enough
11:46	, the snow will fall all the way to the
11:49	ground . Otherwise , it might melt into rain On
11:52	its way down . Sleet refers to water droplets that
11:57	freeze on their way down through really cold air .
12:01	Unlike snow , sleet goes through a liquid state before
12:05	freezing . The result is that sleep is not light
12:09	and fluffy . Hale is like mega sleet when it
12:16	hails large balls of ice falling from the sky .
12:21	Hail forms in a more complex way than sleep .
12:25	As ice crystals start to fall , wind carries them
12:29	back up high into the clout . This happens over
12:33	and over , and the crystals grow each time .
12:36	Eventually they get too heavy and fall hard . Mhm
12:43	. That's wild , Terra . I never knew weather
12:46	could be so complex , and that's just the surface
12:49	kid . But it's enough to get you started .
12:53	Ooh , those nachos aren't setting so good . Are
12:56	you okay ? She'll be fine , but I'm a
12:59	little worried about us . If there's an I wait
13:08	. Mhm . I feel much better now . Uh
13:17	, that's nice , but where are we ? Just
13:22	where we should be in the Geology Learning center .
13:25	This is where we can learn about different kinds of
13:28	rocks and how they are made . Take a look
13:31	at all these layers of rocks . Little bits of
13:34	earth were washed downstream . They settled to the bottom
13:38	of a river lake or ocean layer after layer was
13:43	deposited on top , so they were pressed down more
13:47	and more . Over time , the layers turned into
13:50	a type of rock called sedimentary rock . That's right
13:55	. Sedimentary rocks make up about three quarters of the
13:58	rocks at the Earth's surface . Sometimes they can give
14:01	us clues about what the environment was like when those
14:04	rocks were formed . How can they do that ?
14:07	Well , sometimes dead plants or animals get buried in
14:11	the sediment . They get covered up by new layers
14:14	of sediment and sometimes become fossils . Some fossils are
14:19	actually parts of an animal , like its teeth or
14:21	bones that have turned into stone or fossilized . Others
14:26	are trace fossils like dinosaur footprints or tunnels made by
14:30	worms . But most fossils are casts . The dead
14:35	plants and animals decay after the sediment has turned into
14:39	rock , leaving behind a hollow mold . Salts or
14:43	other minerals can fill the cast and hold its shape
14:47	. Fossils found in the same layer of sedimentary rock
14:50	are from things that lived around the same time as
14:54	new layers form on top . The fossils get buried
14:58	deeper and deeper . I think I understand , so
15:02	the deeper the fossils are found , the older they
15:05	are , you've got it . And sometimes large amounts
15:09	of plants are deposited in sedimentary rocks . If they
15:13	are compressed under a lot of pressure for a long
15:16	period of time , they turn into carbon . This
15:20	gives us coal , oil , natural gas and petroleum
15:25	. I guess that's why they're called fossil fuels your
15:28	bed titties . And let me tell you , fossil
15:31	fuels are really up . Guess . Oh , brother
15:37	. Yeah . Okay . Sedimentary rocks make up about
15:42	three quarters of the rocks at Earth's surface . You
15:45	got it ? What about the rest of the rocks
15:47	? What are they ? Glad you asked . There
15:50	are two other kinds of rocks igneous and metamorphic igneous
15:56	rocks formed when molten rock cools and becomes solid .
16:00	Molten rock is called magma when it is below the
16:04	earth's surface . But sometimes magma pushes up through cracks
16:08	to the surface of the earth . Then it is
16:11	called lava . I just love a good eruption .
16:16	Stop that . When lava cools , it becomes a
16:20	kind of igneous rock called volcanic rock . But salt
16:25	is the most common type of volcanic rock . Most
16:28	of the rocks on the ocean floor are the salt
16:32	igneous rock can also formed when magma cools slowly and
16:36	becomes hard while it's deep underground . Rocks that formed
16:40	this way like granite , usually have large crystals .
16:45	Fossils are not usually found in igneous rocks . The
16:49	heat of a volcanic eruption tends to destroy living things
16:53	and only rarely preserves any evidence of them . However
16:58	, fossils may be found in volcanic ash deposits ,
17:02	which are actually a kind of sedimentary rock that makes
17:06	sense . Sedimentary rocks are made from sediment . An
17:10	igneous rocks are made when molten rock is cooled .
17:13	But what about metamorphic rocks ? How do they form
17:17	? Good question , kiddo . Metamorphic rocks are rocks
17:21	that have morphed or changed from one kind of rock
17:25	into another . Metamorphic rocks were once igneous or sedimentary
17:30	rocks , but movement of the earth's crust caused them
17:34	to change . Just moving the rocks changes them .
17:38	No , try pushing your hands together very hard .
17:42	Do you feel heat and pressure ? Yeah . When
17:49	the earth's crust moves , igneous or sedimentary rocks get
17:54	squeezed by tremendous pressure , which heats the rocks and
17:59	pulls them like taffy . The original rock is changed
18:03	by this heating and pulling , and it becomes a
18:07	metamorphic rocks . Yes , you might guess any fossils
18:11	that were in The sedimentary rock will now be in
18:14	the metamorphic rock , but those fossils maybe stretched and
18:18	deformed because of the heating and pulling bomber Metamorphic rocks
18:24	are the least common of the three kinds of rocks
18:27	. Slate and marble are two examples . Wow ,
18:31	that really rocks e Whoa ! What's this , A
18:40	rock concert ? As a matter of fact , it
18:43	is . Ladies and gentlemen , please welcome all the
18:47	way from Little Rock , Arkansas Pet Rocks and me
19:11	three Kansas , three Kansas , three man , three
19:34	cats and three cats and rocks . Even though two
19:47	rocks may be formed the same way , they can
19:50	be made up of different kinds of minerals . That's
19:53	right to identify the minerals in rocks , scientists use
19:58	properties like color , luster , hardness and streak .
20:03	Look at these . I wonder what minerals they are
20:07	. Hey , if I describe their properties , that
20:11	might help me to identify them . Bravo . Now
20:15	the color of the mineral is the first thing people
20:18	tend to notice . But be careful . Most minerals
20:22	can occur in more than one color . Luster describes
20:26	how light is reflected from the surface of a mineral
20:30	. The two main types of luster are metallic and
20:34	nonmetallic . The hardness of the mineral is its ability
20:39	to resist scratching the most hardest scale uses 10 minerals
20:44	to rank hardness . Take a look here . A
20:47	diamond is the hardest , naturally occurring substance with a
20:52	hardness of tent and talc is very soft , so
20:56	it only has a hardness of one that's all good
20:59	and fine . But how can I find out the
21:01	hardness of the minerals in this box with a little
21:05	scratching ? Not that kind of scratching . We'll use
21:11	minerals and objects from the most scale . If you
21:15	have mineral sample , can scratch an object . Save
21:18	this penny that it has a higher hardness . Let's
21:23	try this one . Good choice . I like the
21:28	nice metallic luster . Can it scratch a penny ?
21:33	Looks like it does , Marco . That means this
21:38	mineral has a hardness higher than three . That's the
21:41	way to do it . Now try scratching this court
21:45	. Nope , And look , the courts will scratch
21:49	my mineral sample so it has a hardness between three
21:53	and seven . We could keep on scratching away with
21:57	different materials from the most scale to narrow it down
22:00	even more . But I think you get the idea
22:03	. I sure do . Thanks Terra . Another way
22:06	to categorize minerals with a hardness lower than seven is
22:10	to determine their streak streak . Does that mean some
22:15	of them have racing stripes ? Nah . The streak
22:20	of a mineral is the color of the powder .
22:22	It leaves when you scrape it across a streak plate
22:27	. We know your mineral has a hardness lower than
22:29	seven . So red . That's not what I would
22:34	have guessed at all . Don't feel too bad ,
22:37	kid . Science is full of surprises . Have a
22:41	look at this table here . Do any of those
22:44	descriptions match your mineral . Let me see . Steel
22:49	Grey Hardness 5.5 to 6.5 Rust Red streak , Metallic
22:57	luster . I'll bet this is Hematite . That's the
23:02	way to do it . Great job . Well ,
23:07	kid , your Earth science knowledge is really building up
23:12	. It looks like something else is building up under
23:15	my chair . Hey , that sort of looks like
23:18	a volcano . Yeah , I guess it was a
23:28	volcano . And just look where it brought us .
23:31	Ah , the topographic Learning Center . This is the
23:35	perfect place to learn about how the surface of the
23:38	earth changes . Seems like a volcano would be pretty
23:41	good at changing the surface . Tell me about it
23:44	, kid , These are pimples . You know ,
23:49	I had a friend to a science fair project on
23:51	volcanoes , She told me there are several types .
23:54	She told you , Right there are shield volcanoes ,
23:58	cinder cones , strata , volcanoes and more . That's
24:02	a lot of volcanoes . So what's the difference between
24:06	the types ? Shield Volcanoes are built by layer upon
24:10	layer of lava . Their eruptions travel great distances from
24:15	a central event or group events , so they have
24:18	broad , flat , rounded shapes . They kind of
24:21	look like a shield lying on the ground . That's
24:24	a great way to remember the name . But while
24:27	they may look flat from above , they can still
24:30	get pretty tall . Monolith Loa is the largest shield
24:34	volcano . Mon alot a means Long mountain , but
24:39	it stands over 13,000 ft above sea level , and
24:44	it rises over 28,000 ft from the ocean floor .
24:48	It would be the world's tallest mountain if it weren't
24:53	mostly underwater . Maui Wowie . Actually , it's on
24:58	the Big Island of Hawaii . The eruptions of shield
25:04	volcanoes . They usually don't have much cash , and
25:07	they are fairly safe for scientists to monitor . But
25:11	some other kinds of volcanoes can throw hot ash and
25:14	cinders into the air . These can form a pyroclastic
25:18	flow , which travels very fast and burns almost everything
25:23	in its path . That's the truth . The temperature
25:26	of a pyroclastic flow can reach over 500 degrees Celsius
25:31	. Whoa , What kind of volcano can do that
25:35	? Strata Volcanoes camp . They are quite beautiful ,
25:39	like yours truly , but they tend to be tall
25:43	and symmetric with steep sides , a few strata volcanoes
25:48	that you might have heard of our Mount Fuji in
25:51	Japan . And in the USA , you'll find Mount
25:55	ST Helens and Mount Rainier in Washington state and Mount
26:00	Hood in Oregon . Not Oregon , Oregon . Those
26:09	strata volcanoes really are beautiful . What about cinder cones
26:14	are the little guys you can often find cinder cones
26:18	on the flanks of shield volcanoes and strata volcanoes .
26:22	When a cinder cone volcano erupts , cinders of lava
26:26	are blown into the air and fall around the opening
26:29	of the volcano . The pile of cinders forms a
26:33	small , oval shaped volcano that can grow to about
26:36	1000 ft , but some are much smaller . Many
26:40	cinder cone volcanoes have a bowl shaped crater at the
26:44	opening . Mhm . Hey Marco . What causes volcanoes
26:53	in the first place to explain that . Let's dig
26:56	a little deeper . Deeper into the earth , that
26:59	is , Earth is divided into four layers . The
27:03	solid inner core , the liquid outer core and the
27:07	mantle That's the thickest layer and last and least is
27:13	the crust least because it's a Phyllis layer . The
27:18	rocky outer crust is made of plates that fit together
27:22	, sort of like a puzzle pieces . These plates
27:25	move a little bit each year as they slide on
27:28	top of a weak layer of the mantle . This
27:32	hotter , deeper layer of the mantle can be pushed
27:35	and pulled , like putting . The whole process is
27:39	called plate tectonics . The edges of the earth's plates
27:43	touch each other as they move . The plates may
27:46	just slide past each other , but the plates can
27:49	also spread apart or even crushed together . Sometimes when
27:55	two plates collide , large mountain ranges such as the
27:59	Himalayas are formed . There happens if the two plates
28:03	have the same density , so they old as they
28:07	move together , much like to kitchen rocks pushed together
28:12	. That explains mountains . But I wanted to know
28:15	how volcanoes are formed . Hold your horses , kid
28:19	. If colliding plates have different densities , one plate
28:24	can be forced back down into the deeper regions of
28:27	the earth . That plate can begin to melt .
28:31	When it reaches a depth , which is hot enough
28:33	, the molten crust arises back towards the surface ,
28:37	where it helps make volcanoes and islands . Who that's
28:41	a long process . Is that how all volcanoes are
28:45	formed ? Well , no . Here's another way .
28:49	As the plates move , hotspots under the crust may
28:52	find weak places in the plates or between two plates
28:56	that are moving apart . This will allow magma to
28:59	come to the surface from deep within the earth ,
29:02	and the result is of all chemical option , which
29:05	can add new landmass to existing land or even for
29:09	new islands . Okay , let me get this straight
29:14	. Volcanoes can form where the plates are pushing together
29:17	, where they're pulling apart or anywhere . The earth's
29:21	crust is weak . That's the way the cookie crumbles
29:25	. And the earth's crust , too . A good
29:32	one . Oh , Michael . Now that you have
29:37	an idea of how Earth's surface can be built up
29:41	, let's talk about how it can be worn down
29:44	. Weathering is the process that causes rocks to crack
29:49	and fragment , since rocks form in different ways and
29:53	are made up of different minerals . They react differently
29:58	when exposed to temperature changes , moisture particles in the
30:02	air or pressure changes . I suppose that means there
30:06	are different kinds of weathering . That's right , Kevin
30:09	. One thing that causes weathering is frost . When
30:13	water freezes , it has an unusual property . Unlike
30:18	most materials that contract , when they are cooled ,
30:22	water expands when it solidifies into ice . This can
30:27	put incredible pressure on rocks . Water gets into the
30:31	pores or cracks of the rocks and then freezes .
30:35	So when the water freezes , it expands and causes
30:39	pieces of the rock to break off right . Another
30:42	kind of weathering is abrasion . That can happen when
30:45	rocks rub against each other , like when Iraq rolls
30:48	downhill or when it tumbles . In rivers , wind
30:53	can cause abrasion to wind sometimes carries dirt or sand
30:59	that can wear down rocks as it blows against them
31:03	. Plants like Mosses and lichens can wedge their way
31:06	into pores , crevices and cracks in rocks . Seeds
31:10	from other plants can get into crevices to as they
31:13	grow . They cause the rocks to crack apart .
31:17	I heard that wedding and drying of rocks can make
31:20	them break up . Oh Yes , the combination of
31:23	wetting and drying is very effective at breaking up clay
31:27	. That's because clay swells when it gets wet and
31:31	then shrinks and crumbles as it dies . Oh ,
31:35	I get it . The process of wetting and drying
31:38	only weathers some kinds of rocks . Sometimes rocks break
31:43	down because the minerals they are made of react with
31:46	chemicals in water or air . For example , carbonic
31:51	acid is created when carbon dioxide dissolves in water and
31:55	this acid can dissolve limestone and eventually cause the formation
32:00	of caves and caverns . Ooh , look at the
32:04	stalactites and stalagmites . You're a regular little spelunker ,
32:08	huh ? Stalactites hold tight to the ceiling of the
32:13	cave , and stalagmites might reach the ceiling someday .
32:17	What s Marty now ? Erosion is simply the moving
32:22	of sediments or rock particles . Moving water is the
32:26	most powerful force of erosion on Earth . The world's
32:30	rivers deliver about 20 billion tons of sediment to the
32:35	oceans each year . That's a lot of erosion ,
32:39	and that's why you can see fan shaped deltas at
32:42	the mouths of some rivers , such as denial .
32:45	These shaped valleys , canyons and gorges are also carved
32:50	by streams and rivers flowing through the mountains Yeah ,
32:53	moving air or wind is another important mover of sediment
32:59	, especially in dry regions . When tiny sand grains
33:04	are lifted and carried by the wind , they can
33:08	sculpt rocks into a variety of shapes . Sand dunes
33:12	are hills of sand deposited by the wind , such
33:16	as those at Great Sand Dunes National Park in Colorado
33:21	. But of all the things that cause erosion ,
33:24	my favorite is a glacier . Glaciers form when snow
33:30	piles up over time and turns to Isis . The
33:33	glacier begins to flow outwards and downwards under the pressure
33:37	of its own weight . Like great rivers of ice
33:41	, glaciers have sculpted mountains and carved out U shaped
33:45	valleys . Valley glaciers flow down valleys , and continental
33:51	glaciers such as the ones on Greenland and Antarctica blow
33:56	outward in all directions . Glaciers reshaped the underlying and
34:02	surrounding landscape as they move by , eroding rock from
34:06	one place and depositing it in another . That's called
34:10	deposition . Glaciers , rivers and wind are major forces
34:15	of deposition that can build up the earth in some
34:18	places , and I think I've got the scoop on
34:22	erosion . Erosion is when the earth is worn down
34:26	. It can happen because of water , wind or
34:29	ice That's right , kid . Weathering and erosion work
34:33	together to reshape the surface of the earth . Water
34:37	and cracks of rocks can turn to ice in the
34:40	winter and make the cracks bigger . Over time ,
34:45	bits and pieces of the rock break off and fall
34:48	away . Winds can pick up these small bits and
34:53	wear down weaker parts of rock . Rain can wash
34:57	the small bits away . Over time , these processes
35:01	can work together to leave interesting formations such as the
35:05	arches in Utah or the hoodoos in Bryce Canyon canyons
35:11	look like fun places . I'd like to travel to
35:14	see them someday . Well , right now we need
35:17	to travel to our next learning center . Right this
35:20	way . Hey , wait , Marco . I think
35:27	my chair ran out of gas . It looks like
35:32	we need an alternative Energy stars . Don't worry .
35:35	Balance this on your head . OK , but how
35:39	will the solar panel help ? We're indoors . Just
35:44	you wait and see . Yeah , you boys .
35:57	I see you used a perpetual resource to get here
36:01	. Perpetual resource . Yep . A perpetual resource is
36:06	one that cannot be affected by human youth . Perpetual
36:10	resources are also called inexhaustible resources . They include things
36:16	like solar energy that can be converted into electricity .
36:20	Solar energy can also be used to heat water or
36:24	air for homes and businesses . Sounds like we should
36:27	use solar energy for everything . Well , solar energy
36:32	is very dependent on the time of day at the
36:35	time of year and the weather . So in order
36:38	to be efficient , a large surface area is required
36:41	to collect the energy from the sun . But scientists
36:45	are working on ways to get around . That is
36:49	solar energy , the only perpetual resource . Oh ,
36:52	no , There's always the wind . Remember that the
36:56	wind is caused by uneven heating of earth by the
36:59	sun , so it's an indirect form of solar energy
37:03	. The wind blows stronger and more consistently . In
37:06	some areas . Wind turbines and wind farms can be
37:10	built in those places to convert the wind energy into
37:14	electricity . And there's also geothermal energy . Heat from
37:19	the earth can be used to make steam or hot
37:22	water to heat buildings or generate electricity . Some scientists
37:27	are even looking at ways to utilize the oceans to
37:29	produce energy for us without causing any environmental damage .
37:34	They've come up with a few ways of tapping the
37:37	energy from tides and waves . We might even find
37:40	a way to use temperature differences in the ocean to
37:43	produce energy . In some regions , the surface water
37:47	can be 40 or more degrees Fahrenheit warmer than the
37:51	deepwater , so perpetual resources include solar , wind ,
37:57	geothermal and ocean energy . What other kinds of resources
38:01	are there ? Glad you asked Kito . There are
38:04	renewable resources and non renewable resources . I've heard of
38:09	renewable resources . They can be replenished as fast or
38:13	faster than we use them . That's true . But
38:16	the problem is that usually the demand for resources like
38:20	wood crops , soil and water increases over time .
38:26	If the demand gets too high , these resources cannot
38:30	be replenished fast enough . We have to be careful
38:34	and keep things in balance . That does sound like
38:37	a good thing to do . And what about non
38:39	renewable resources ? I guess those can't be replenished at
38:42	all . When they're gone . They're really gone .
38:46	Non renewable resources like natural gas , oil and coal
38:50	that we get from fossil fuels will eventually run out
38:54	if we keep using them . Energy efficiency and conservation
38:58	are so important , we need to make non renewable
39:02	resources last as long as possible . While we are
39:06	looking for new alternatives . Energy efficiency is the use
39:10	of technology to perform the same function with less energy
39:15	, like putting tinting on your windows to keep out
39:18	the sunlight that heats up buildings in the summertime .
39:21	No , that's to make it look cool . I'm
39:24	sorry . Energy conservation is any behavior that causes us
39:29	to use less energy , like turning off lights when
39:33	they're not being used . Exactly , Kevin . And
39:36	by using energy efficient light bulbs , you can save
39:39	a lot on your electric bill . Another way to
39:42	conserve energy is by insulating and weatherizing homes and buildings
39:47	. That way , you use less air conditioning and
39:50	heating . You can also save on heating and cooling
39:54	by placing trees , shrubs or other landscaping to block
39:58	the wind and provide shade . But we can conserve
40:02	other resources . Besides just energy such as wood and
40:08	water , there are many ways to help save water
40:11	around the house . It turned off the water .
40:14	While you're brushing your teeth , take short showers instead
40:17	of baths and be sure to fix any leaks .
40:21	I worked with my mom to convince the people in
40:24	our neighborhood to find a garbage service that recycles .
40:27	We separate out plastic glass aluminum cans and paper for
40:31	recycling . Excellent . By recycling , you're not only
40:35	conserving resources , but you are also helping to keep
40:39	unnecessary garbage out of landfills . Yeah , Thanks for
40:43	helping to keep the Earth a cleaner place to live
40:46	, kiddo . You're welcome , Terra . And thanks
40:48	to both of you for helping me study Earth science
40:52	. I'm ready to ace my test . I'm so
40:54	proud of you . Well , I should be getting
40:58	back home . Marco , I'm ready to teleport .
41:01	Okay . To keep Yeah . Uh , Michael ,
41:18	it's Yeah . Yeah . Science fans . To quiz
41:23	yourself on Earth science , you can download a practice
41:26	test at my website . Just visit www dot Marko
41:32	the pencil dot com . Joe , now that we've
41:41	reviewed some of the material from Earth Science , let's
41:44	see how well you might do on a practice test
41:47	. For those of you following along , you might
41:50	want to use pause when the question first comes up
41:53	to see if you can choose the right answer before
41:56	Kevin . Let's begin with some questions about this solar
42:00	system . One look at the diagram of our solar
42:05	system below . What is the name of Planet five
42:12	down ? Oh , yeah , Marco , My very
42:16	educated mother . Just that starts with J . Jupiter
42:21	. That's answer . Be fantastical . Sometimes you might
42:26	be asked to fill in your answer right on the
42:28	page with the questions . But this test has a
42:30	separate answer . Shit . Be sure to ask your
42:35	teacher how you're supposed to mark the answers on your
42:38	test . Let's put the test over the answer .
42:41	She just under the question we are answering I That
42:45	way we can make sure we fill in the right
42:48	bubble to which objects in our solar system have long
42:57	tails . When they are close to the sun and
42:59	are made mostly of rock and ice . A planet's
43:04	be asteroids see dwarf planets . D . Com .
43:10	It's the only one of these things I remember having
43:13	tails are the Comets . You have a great memory
43:18	. Our answer is deep . I three . What
43:29	causes day and night on Earth ? A . The
43:32	Earth orbits the sun . Nah , earth orbiting the
43:37	sun , combined with the tilt of the Earth's axis
43:40	, is what gives us seasons . Not day and
43:42	night be The moon orbits the earth . The moon
43:48	orbiting the earth causes the tides to rise and fall
43:52	on the earth . But it doesn't cause day and
43:54	night see the earth rotates on its axis . I
44:00	think this is the right answer . Right You are
44:06	. See the sun lights up half of the earth
44:10	. The parts that are in the sunlight are experiencing
44:13	a day . The parts that aren't in the sunlight
44:16	are experiencing at night . And if we could look
44:20	down at the Earth from the North Pole , we
44:23	would see that the Earth is rotating counterclockwise . So
44:27	the sun seems to come up in the east and
44:30	set in the West . Maybe I should check this
44:33	last answer just to make certain C is the best
44:36	choice . Good thinking , Kevin de the Sun orbits
44:41	the earth . That's ridiculous . Everyone knows that the
44:46	sun doesn't orbit the earth . That means our answer
44:50	is C . The earth rotates on its axis .
45:00	Let's move on to questions about the water cycle and
45:04	whether for what supplies the energy to drive the water
45:10	cycle . Can you remember what I told you ?
45:13	I remember Terra . You said the energy source that
45:18	drives the whole water cycle is the son . You
45:21	are really starting to get on my good side .
45:24	Okay , so our answer is a son . Great
45:30	job . Now let's see if you can get this
45:37	next one five . The picture shows a place where
45:42	air currents will form due to the uneven heating of
45:45	the Earth in which direction will air currents most likely
45:50	move . Let's see warm air rises and the cool
45:54	air will come in to replace it . So a
45:59	from the lake toward the land looks right . But
46:02	let me check all the answers . Be straight up
46:06	above the lake . No , that's not right .
46:10	See from the land toward the lake , that's backwards
46:16	. D all of the above . That can't be
46:19	right . So our answer is a I'm glad that
46:30	you look at all of the answers carefully . Some
46:33	students make the mistake of choosing all of the above
46:37	every time . It's an answer choice , not a
46:40	boy . He's too smart to do something like that
46:43	. Thanks , Terra . Now , but do you
46:46	remember anything from the Geology Learning Center ? I sure
46:51	do . Sedimentary rock is formed in layers , and
46:54	the deeper the layers , the older they are .
46:58	That ought to make this next question pretty simple .
47:01	Six . The Rock column above shows the layers in
47:05	a sedimentary rock formation . The three core samples to
47:09	the right were taken from the Rock column on the
47:12	left . According to this information , which fossil is
47:16	the oldest ? Well , the deepest layers layer one
47:22	, so it is the oldest since the fossil .
47:25	On the bottom , of course , sample X came
47:27	from layer one . It is the oldest fossil ,
47:30	so the answer is C super . Let's see if
47:39	you can get the answer to this next geology question
47:44	. Seven . Why are most fossils found in sedimentary
47:49	rocks ? Let me read through the answers . A
47:53	fossils can be distorted in metamorphic rocks . That's true
47:58	. You bet it is . Metamorphic rocks are made
48:02	by pressure and heat on other types of rocks that
48:06	could really mess up any fossils in the rock .
48:10	But let's look at all the answer choices . Be
48:13	igneous . Rocks were too hot when they formed .
48:16	Considering that igneous rocks were made of molten rock ,
48:20	I'm sure they were too hot to preserve any fossils
48:23	. What about C ? Sedimentary rocks are best for
48:27	preserving organisms . This one is also true , So
48:31	the answer must be d All of the above .
48:35	Great job . You're a real gem . We'll take
48:47	a look at one more geology question . Eight .
48:51	The chart below shows part of most hardness scale for
48:54	minerals . A student is testing an unknown mineral for
48:58	hardness . The unknown mineral is tested against fluoride ,
49:02	but neither mineral scratches the other . Which of the
49:06	following conclusions can the student accurately make ? If the
49:10	unknown mineral didn't scratch fluoride and fluoride didn't scratch the
49:15	unknown mineral , they both must have a hardness of
49:18	floor . Keep that in mind while we look at
49:21	the possible answers . A . The unknown mineral and
49:26	Ortho place will not scratch each other . Ortho Place
49:30	is harder than fluoride , so Ortho place would scratch
49:34	the unknown Mineral A is wrong . Be the unknown
49:40	mineral will scratch cow site . That's true . Yep
49:44	, calcite is lower on the hardness scale , but
49:48	let's not be too hasty . Read the last two
49:51	answer choices . See the unknown mineral will scratch or
49:56	at the place . That's the exact opposite of what
49:59	would happen . D . The unknown mineral will not
50:03	scratch gypsum . That doesn't seem right . No way
50:08	. Gypsum is even lower on the hardness scale than
50:11	cow side . So our answer is B . This
50:21	kid has a mountain of information in his head .
50:25	You think so ? Let's see if he remembers what
50:27	was said about Earth's changing topography . Nine mountains may
50:34	be formed when a volcanoes erupt . That's true .
50:39	Some of the volcanoes even have the word mount in
50:41	their name , like Mount Fuji . But I remember
50:45	that mountains are formed other ways , too . Let
50:48	me check the rest of the answers . Be plates
50:51	of the earth's crust collide . That's true to Terra
50:55	said . The Himalayas were formed that way . Great
50:58	memory , kid , See says . Both A and
51:03	B and D says none of the above . So
51:08	I'm going to have to say that C is the
51:10	right answer . Perfecto 10 . Which of these processes
51:22	can be caused by movement of the Earth's plates ?
51:25	Let's see the highest mountain range in the world .
51:29	The Himalayas were formed by plates colliding , and the
51:33	islands of Hawaii were formed because of a plate moving
51:36	over a hotspot . Some of those islands still have
51:40	volcanic eruptions . That makes all of the answers true
51:44	. So your answer is D . All of the
51:48	above . Let's see what you remember about weathering and
51:58	erosion . 11 Moving water was the most important factor
52:04	in forming which of these a sand dunes at Great
52:08	Sand Dunes National Park ? No , Tera said .
52:12	Those were formed by wind be the Grand Canyon .
52:16	I'm pretty sure that was formed by a river ,
52:19	although I don't know what the name of the river
52:21	is . That would be the Colorado River . See
52:27	the Andes Mountains from what we discussed . Mountains are
52:30	built from volcanic eruptions or plate tectonics , not moving
52:35	water . You've got a good head on your shoulders
52:38	, kid . D kill away a volcano that's made
52:42	out of flowing lava , not moving water . So
52:46	the answer is B the Grand Canyon to work .
52:54	Oh , that's a nice picture . I'd like to
53:00	go there someday , and demand at the bottom of
53:04	the picture gives you some perspective as to how large
53:08	the arch really is . All right , all right
53:12	, let's get down to business . Read the question
53:14	, please . 12 . The land form below is
53:18	an arch found in Arches National Park in Utah .
53:22	Which type of weathering or erosion is not responsible for
53:26	shaping this arch . Here's one of those questions that
53:30	has to be read carefully . The word not makes
53:33	a big difference in the answer . I'll choose .
53:36	Let's see . Terra talked about the combination of water
53:40	, ice weathering and wind , all playing a part
53:43	in forming arches . So I think the answer is
53:47	a glaciers , because glaciers did not help shape the
53:51	arch . Right you are . You're a smart kid
54:02	, so let's see how bright you are when it
54:04	comes to energy and resources available on Earth . No
54:09	problem . 13 . Which of the following is a
54:13	renewable resource ? A tree that's renewable as long as
54:19	we don't use them faster than new trees can grow
54:21	. I think this is the answer , but I'll
54:24	check them all to be sure . I'm so glad
54:27	you have good desk taking skills . Be natural gas
54:33	. That's a non renewable resource . See solar energy
54:39	. Ah , this is one of the perpetual or
54:42	inexhaustible resources you told me about . Not a renewable
54:46	one . No matter how much we use the perpetual
54:49	resources , they'll always be around D oil . No
54:55	, that's a fossil fuel . All fossil fuels are
54:58	nonrenewable resources , so the only renewable resource here is
55:03	the tree that makes the answer . A . A
55:13	14 . Watering plants and grass in the early morning
55:18	is one way to conserve water . Why a plants
55:22	only absorb water in the morning . No plants can
55:27	absorb water any time of day . Take a look
55:30	at the next one . Okay , Marco , be
55:33	less Water evaporates into the air in the cool morning
55:37	. This leaves more water for plants to absorb and
55:40	allows shorter watering times . That's true . Sea water
55:45	used in the morning can be recycled in the evening
55:48	. That doesn't make sense . If some sort of
55:52	system is in place to catch unused water to be
55:55	recycled , it can be used any time , not
55:58	just in the morning . D water is more pure
56:03	in the morning . This one doesn't make sense ,
56:06	either . I guess that means you're sticking with .
56:09	Answer be then . Yep , and now for the
56:18	last question . 15 . Which of the following is
56:23	not a way to help conserve energy ? A plant
56:28	trees in the landscaping around buildings . The trees would
56:32	provide shade from the sun and help to block wind
56:35	, which would help with cooling and heating bills .
56:39	But the question is asking which one is not a
56:42	way to conserve energy ? How about be turn off
56:46	machines when they're not being used ? That's definitely a
56:51	way to conserve energy . Check the next one .
56:54	Sure thing , Marco . See both A and B
56:58	. No , Those are both good ways to conserve
57:02	energy , so that means our answer must be d
57:05	Take lots of bubble baths . Wow , You did
57:15	a great job on this practice Earth science test .
57:19	I agree . Nice work . Hey , science fans
57:25	, you can download this Earth science test at my
57:28	website . Just visit www dot Marko the pencil dot
57:33	com show .

Summarizer

DESCRIPTION:

Earth Science for Kids is the fun way to learn important facts about earth science and prepare for tests. Take a fascinating journey to the Super Science Station to learn about the Solar System, weather and the water cycle, types of rocks, properties of minerals, volcanoes and plate tectonics, and renewable energy. For gifted preschool learners to kids in junior high, all ages will enjoy this learning adventure. Clear explanations and humor make this video perfect for the classroom and home. Created along with teachers to meet state testing standards.

OVERVIEW:

Earth Science for Kids - Solar System, Weather, Fossils, Volcanoes & More - Rock 'N Learn is a free educational video by Lumos Learning.

This page not only allows students and teachers view Earth Science for Kids - Solar System, Weather, Fossils, Volcanoes & More - Rock 'N Learn videos but also find engaging Sample Questions, Apps, Pins, Worksheets, Books related to the following topics.